Polymerization Processes Using High Molecular Weight Polyhydric Quenching Agents

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes polymerization processes and processes for quenching polymerization reactions using high molecular weight polyhydric quenching agents.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Ser. No.62/368,477, filed Jul. 29, 2016 and is incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure describes novel polymerization and quenching processesusing high molecular weight polyhydric quenching agents.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polymerization processes for producing polymers, such as polyolefins,typically require quenching agents to prevent further polymerization ofthe monomers after a designated amount of polymer has been produced.After polymerization, removal of solvents and/or unreacted monomers fromfinal product occurs via a separation and recovery step. The solventsand/or monomers can subsequently be recycled back into thepolymerization process. Traditionally, small, polar, protic molecules,such as water and methanol are used as quenching agents. However, use ofsuch quenching agents is problematic because they can partition in allof the effluent streams during the separation and recovery of thepolymer and solvent. This may be the case for both liquid-liquidseparations and liquid-vapor separations. Consequently, a recycle streamcontaining separated solvent and/or unreacted monomers may also containvarying amounts of the traditional polar quenching agents, which, ifrecycled back into the polymerization process, can poison freshcatalyst. Therefore, further processing steps, including use of treaterbeds and scavengers, are needed to remove the traditional polarquenching agents from a recycle stream. Such further processing stepsare undesirable as they increase capital and operating costs. Forexample, treater beds require frequent regeneration and scavengers arecostly. Thus, there is a need in the art for new and improvedpolymerization processes where quenching of the polymerization reactioncan be achieved with quenching agents that do not readily partitionalong with solvent and/or unreacted monomer into a recycle stream toavoid catalyst poisoning.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure fulfills the need in the art for new and improvedpolymerization processes by providing polymerization processes andprocesses for quenching a polymerization reaction where quenching isachieved by high molecular weight polyhydric quenching agents that donot partition into the recycle stream in a signficant amount along withsolvent and/or unreacted monomer. In particular, the disclosure relatesto a process for producing polymer where the polymerization reaction isquenched using a quenching agent having a molecular weight (M_(n))greater than about 200 daltons and at least one of (i) a hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 20; and (ii) a hydroxylvalue of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g. The process comprises firstpolymerizing a hydrocarbon monomer dissolved in a solvent in thepresence of a catalyst system under conditions to obtain an effluentstream comprising a solution of the polymer and the solvent, followed byintroducing the quenching agent into the effluent stream. The effluentstream is then separated to produce: a second effluent stream comprisingpolymer, which is preferably substantially free of the solvent, and thequenching agent; and a recycle stream comprising the solvent, unreactedhydrocarbon monomer and, optionally, the quenching agent. Generally, thesecond effluent has a higher concentration of the quenching agent thanthe recycle stream.

In another aspect, this disclosure relates to a process for quenching apolymerization reaction using a quenching agent having a molecularweight (M_(n)) greater than about 200 daltons and at least one of (i) ahydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 20; and (ii) ahydroxyl value of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g. Generally, theprocess comprises introducing the quenching agent into an effluentstream comprising polymer exiting a polymerization zone to quench thepolymerization reaction. The effluent stream is then separated toproduce: a second effluent stream comprising polymer, which ispreferably substantially free of the solvent, and the quenching agent;and a recycle stream comprising the solvent, unreacted hydrocarbonmonomer and, optionally, the quenching agent. Generally, the secondeffluent has a higher concentration of the quenching agent than therecycle stream.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Definitions

For the purposes of this disclosure and the claims thereto, the newnumbering scheme for the Periodic Table Groups is used as described inCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS, 63 (5), pg. 27, (1985). Therefore, a“Group 4 metal” is an element from Group 4 of the Periodic Table, e.g.,Hf, Ti, or Zr.

A “reaction zone” also referred to as a “polymerization zone” is avessel where polymerization takes place, for example, a batch reactor orcontinuous reactor. When multiple reactors are used in either series orparallel configuration, each reactor may be considered as a separatereaction zone or a separate polymerization zone. Alternatively, areactor may include one or more reaction zones or polymerization zones.For a multi-stage polymerization in both a batch reactor and acontinuous reactor, each polymerization stage is considered as aseparate polymerization zone. “Catalyst productivity” is a measure ofhow many grams of polymer (P) are produced using a polymerizationcatalyst comprising W g of catalyst (cat), over a period of time of Thours. Catalyst productivity may be expressed by the following formula:P/(T×W) and expressed in units of gPgcat⁻¹ hr⁻¹. Conversion is theamount of monomer that is converted to polymer product, and is reportedas mol % and is calculated based on the polymer yield and the amount ofmonomer fed into the reactor. Catalyst activity is a measure of howactive the catalyst is. Catalyst activity is reported as the mass ofproduct polymer (P) produced per mole of catalyst (cat) used(kgP/molcat).

As used herein, the term “paraffin,” alternatively referred to as“alkane,” refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain of 1 to about 25carbon atoms in length, such as, but not limited to methane, ethane,propane, and butane. The paraffin may be straight-chain orbranched-chain. “Paraffin” is intended to embrace all structuralisomeric forms of paraffins. As used herein, the term “light paraffin”refers to paraffins having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., methane, ethane,propane, and butane).

An “olefin,” alternatively referred to as “alkene,” is a linear,branched, or cyclic compound of carbon and hydrogen having at least onedouble bond. For purposes of this specification and the claims appendedthereto, when a polymer or copolymer is referred to as comprising anolefin, the olefin present in such polymer or copolymer is thepolymerized form of the olefin. For example, when a copolymer is said tohave an “ethylene” content of 35 wt % to 55 wt %, it is understood thatthe mer unit in the copolymer is derived from ethylene in thepolymerization reaction and said derived units are present at 35 wt % to55 wt %, based upon the weight of the copolymer. A “polymer” has two ormore of the same or different mer units. A “homopolymer” is a polymerhaving mer units that are the same. A “copolymer” is a polymer havingtwo or more mer units that are different from each other. A “terpolymer”is a polymer having three mer units that are different from each other.“Different” as used to refer to mer units indicates that the mer unitsdiffer from each other by at least one atom or are differentisomerically. Accordingly, the definition of copolymer, as used herein,includes terpolymers and the like. An “ethylene polymer” or “ethylenecopolymer” is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mol %ethylene derived units, a “propylene polymer” or “propylene copolymer”is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mol % propylene derivedunits, and so on. For the purposes of this disclosure, ethylene shall beconsidered an a-olefin.

For purposes of this disclosure and claims thereto, unless otherwiseindicated, the term “substituted” means that a hydrogen group has beenreplaced with a heteroatom, or a heteroatom-containing group. Forexample, a “substituted hydrocarbyl” is a radical made of carbon andhydrogen where at least one hydrogen is replaced by a heteroatom orheteroatom-containing group.

As used herein, M_(n) is number average molecular weight, M_(w) isweight average molecular weight, and M_(z) is z average molecularweight, wt % is weight percent, and mol % is mole percent. Molecularweight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity (PDI), isdefined to be M_(w) divided by M_(n). Unless otherwise noted, allmolecular weight units (e.g., M_(w), M_(n), M_(z)) are g/mol. Thefollowing abbreviations may be used herein: Me is methyl, Et is ethyl,Pr is propyl, cPr is cyclopropyl, nPr is n-propyl, iPr is isopropyl, Buis butyl, nBu is normal butyl, iBu is isobutyl, sBu is sec-butyl, tBu istert-butyl, Oct is octyl, Ph is phenyl, Bn is benzyl, MAO ismethylalumoxane, dme is 1,2-dimethoxyethane, TMS is trimethylsilyl,TIBAL is triisobutylaluminum, TNOAL is tri(n-octyl)aluminum, THF (alsoreferred to as the is tetrahydrofuran, RT is room temperature (and is25° C. unless otherwise indicated), tol is toluene, EtOAc is ethylacetate, Np is neopentyl, and Cy is cyclohexyl.

A “catalyst system” is the combination of at least one catalystcompound, at least one activator, and an optional co-activator. For thepurposes of this disclosure and the claims thereto, when catalystsystems are described as comprising neutral stable forms of thecomponents, it is well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art,that the ionic form of the component is the form that reacts with themonomers to produce polymers. When “catalyst system” is used to describesuch a catalyst/activator before activation, it means the unactivatedcatalyst complex (pre-catalyst) together with an activator, support and,optionally, a co-activator. When it is used to describe such afteractivation, it means the support, the activated complex, and theactivator or other charge-balancing moiety. The transition metalcompound may be neutral as in a pre-catalyst, or a charged species witha counter ion as in an activated catalyst system.

In the description herein, the metallocene catalyst may be described asa catalyst precursor, a pre-catalyst compound, metallocene catalystcompound, or a transition metal compound, and these terms are usedinterchangeably. A metallocene catalyst is defined as an organometalliccompound bonded to least one π-bound cyclopentadienyl moiety (orsubstituted cyclopentadienyl moiety) and more frequently two π-boundcyclopentadienyl moieties or substituted cyclopentadienyl moieties boundto a transition metal. Often, the transition metal is a group 4transition metal, which is bound to at least one substituted orunsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ligand. For purposes of this disclosureand claims thereto in relation to metallocene catalyst compounds, theterm “substituted” means that a hydrogen group has been replaced with ahydrocarbyl group, a heteroatom, a heteroatom-containing group or whereat least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring. Forexample, methyl cyclopentadiene (Cp) is a Cp group substituted with amethyl group. Indene and fluorene (and substituted variants thereof) aresubstituted cyclopentadiene groups. The term “cyclopentadienyl ligand”is used herein to mean an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbyl ligand that canconsist of one ring, or two or more fused or catenated rings, one ofwhich is an aromatic Cs ring. Substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopentadienyl ligands, indenyl ligands, and fluorenyl ligands are allexamples of cyclopentadienyl ligands. As used herein, indenyl can beconsidered as cyclopentadienyl with a fused benzene ring attached.Analogously, fluorenyl can be considered as cyclopentadienyl with twobenzene rings fused to the five-membered ring on the cyclopentadienyl.

An “anionic ligand” is a negatively charged ligand which donates one ormore pairs of electrons to a metal ion. A “neutral donor ligand” is aneutrally charged ligand which donates one or more pairs of electrons toa metal ion.

“Alkoxy” or “alkoxide” refers to —O-alkyl containing from 1 to about 10carbon atoms. The alkoxy may be straight-chain, branched-chain, orcyclic. Non-limiting examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy,isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, and hexoxy. “C₁ alkoxy” refers tomethoxy, “C₂ alkoxy” refers to ethoxy, “C₃ alkoxy” refers to propoxy and“C₄ alkoxy” refers to butoxy.

The terms “hydrocarbyl radical,” “hydrocarbyl,” “hydrocarbyl group,”“alkyl radical,” and “alkyl” are used interchangeably throughout thisdocument. Likewise, the terms “group,” “radical,” and “substituent” arealso used interchangeably in this document. For purposes of thisdisclosure, “hydrocarbyl radical” is defined to be C₁-C₁₀₀ radicals,that may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and when cyclic, aromatic ornon-aromatic. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to,methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl,tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, octyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, including theirsubstituted analogues. Substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are radicals inwhich at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl radical has beensubstituted with at least one heteroatom or heteroatom-containing group,such as halogen (such as Br, Cl, F, or I) or at least one functionalgroup such as NR*₂, OR*, SeR*, TeR*, PR*₂, AsR*₂, SbR*₂, SR*, BR*₂,SiR*₃, GeR*₃, SnR*₃, PbR*₃, and the like, or where at least oneheteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.

The term “alkenyl” means a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclichydrocarbon radical having one or more double bonds. These alkenylradicals may be, optionally, substituted. Examples of suitable alkenylradicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propenyl, allyl,1,4-butadienyl cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl,cycloctenyl, and the like, including their substituted analogues.

The term “aryl” or “aryl group” means a six-carbon aromatic ring and thesubstituted variants thereof, including but not limited to, phenyl,2-methyl-phenyl, xylyl, 4-bromo-xylyl. Likewise, heteroaryl means anaryl group where a ring carbon atom (or two or three-ring carbon atoms)has been replaced with a heteroatom, preferably N, O, or S. As usedherein, the term “aromatic” also refers to pseudoaromatic heterocycles,which are heterocyclic substituents that have similar properties andstructures (nearly planar) to aromatic heterocyclic ligands, but are notby definition aromatic; likewise the term “aromatic” also refers tosubstituted aromatics.

Unless otherwise indicated, where isomers of a named alkyl, alkenyl,alkoxy, or aryl group exist (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, andtert-butyl) reference to one member of the group (e.g., n-butyl) shallexpressly disclose the remaining isomers (e.g., iso-butyl, sec-butyl,and tert-butyl) in the family Likewise, reference to an alkyl, alkenyl,alkoxide, or aryl group without specifying a particular isomer (e.g.,butyl), expressly discloses all isomers (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl,sec-butyl, and tert-butyl).

The term “ring atom” means an atom that is part of a cyclic ringstructure. By this definition, a benzyl group has six ring atoms andtetrahydrofuran has 5 ring atoms. A heterocyclic ring is a ring having aheteroatom in the ring structure as opposed to a heteroatom substitutedring where a hydrogen on a ring atom is replaced with a heteroatom. Forexample, tetrahydrofuran is a heterocyclic ring and4-N,N-dimethylamino-phenyl is a heteroatom substituted ring.

The term “continuous” means a system that operates without interruptionor cessation. For example, a continuous process to produce a polymerwould be one where the reactants are continually introduced into one ormore reactors and polymer product is continually withdrawn.

A “solution polymerization” means a polymerization process in which thepolymer is dissolved in a liquid polymerization medium, such as an inertsolvent or monomer(s) or their blends. A solution polymerization istypically homogeneous. A homogeneous polymerization process is definedto be a process where at least 90 wt % of the product is soluble in thereaction media. Such systems are preferably not turbid as described inJ. Vladimir Oliveira, C. Dariva and J. C. Pinto, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,29, 2000, p. 4627.

A “bulk polymerization” means a polymerization process in which themonomers and/or comonomers being polymerized are used as a solvent ordiluent using little or no inert solvent as a solvent or diluent. Asmall fraction of inert solvent might be used as a carrier for acatalyst and a scavenger. A bulk polymerization system contains lessthan 25 wt % of inert solvent or diluent, preferably less than 10 wt %,preferably less than 1 wt %, preferably 0 wt %.

II. Polymerization Process A. Polymerizing Step

This disclosure relates to a polymerization process for forming polymer(e.g.,, polyolefin) comprising polymerizing a hydrocarbon monomer in thepresence of a catalyst system under conditions to obtain a firsteffluent comprising polymer (e.g., polyolefin). The polymerizationprocesses described herein may be carried out in any manner known in theart. Any solution, suspension, slurry, or gas phase polymerizationprocess known in the art can be used. Such processes can be run in abatch, semi-batch, or continuous mode. Preferably, the polymerizationprocess is continuous. Homogeneous polymerization processes (such assolution phase and bulk phase processes) are advantageous. A bulkprocess is defined to be a process where monomer concentration in allfeeds to the reactor is 70 vol % or more. In useful bulk polymerizationsystems, no solvent or diluent is present or added in the reactionmedium, (except for the small amounts used as the carrier for thecatalyst system or other additives, or amounts typically found with themonomer, e.g., propane in propylene).

Alternately, the polymerization process is a slurry process. As usedherein, the term “slurry polymerization process” means a polymerizationprocess where a supported catalyst is employed and monomers arepolymerized on the supported catalyst particles and at least 95 wt % ofpolymer products derived from the supported catalyst are in granularform as solid particles (not dissolved in the diluent). A slurrypolymerization process generally operates between 1 to about 50atmosphere pressure range (15 psi to 735 psi, 103 kPa to 5068 kPa) oreven greater and temperatures in the range of 0° C. to about 120° C. Ina slurry polymerization, a suspension of solid, particulate polymer isformed in a liquid polymerization diluent medium to which monomer andcomonomers along with catalyst are added. The suspension, includingdiluent, is intermittently or continuously removed from the reactorwhere the volatile components are separated from the polymer andrecycled, optionally, after a distillation, to the reactor. The liquiddiluent employed in the polymerization medium is typically an alkanehaving from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably a branched alkane. Themedium employed should be liquid under the conditions of polymerizationand relatively inert. When a propane medium is used the process must beoperated above the reaction diluent critical temperature and pressure.Preferably, a hexane or an isobutane medium is employed.

One aspect of the processes and systems disclosed herein involves aparticle form polymerization, or a slurry process where the temperatureis kept below the temperature at which the polymer goes into solution.Such technique is well known in the art and described in, for instance,U.S. Pat. No. 3,248,179; which is fully incorporated herein byreference. The preferred temperature in the particle form process iswithin the range of about 85° C. to about 110° C.

Advantageously, the polymerization process may be a solutionpolymerization process wherein the monomer and catalyst system arecontacted in a solution phase and polymer is obtained therein. Invarious aspects, a solvent may be present during the polymerizationprocess. Suitable diluents/solvents for polymerization includenon-coordinating, inert liquids. Examples include straight andbranched-chain hydrocarbons, such as isobutane, butane, pentane,isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, octane, dodecane, and mixturesthereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane,cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixturesthereof, such as can be found commercially (Isopar™); perhalogenatedhydrocarbons, such as perfluorinated C₄₋₁₀ alkanes, chlorobenzene, andaromatic and alkylsubstituted aromatic compounds, such as benzene,toluene, mesitylene, and xylene. Suitable solvents also include liquidolefins which may act as monomers or comonomers including ethylene,propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-pentene,4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and mixtures thereof.Preferably, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are used as the solvent, suchas isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane,octane, dodecane, and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclichydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane,methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the solvent isnot aromatic, preferably aromatics are present in the solvent at lessthan 1 wt %, preferably less than 0.5 wt %, preferably 0 wt % based uponthe weight of the solvents. Preferably, the feed concentration of themonomers and comonomers for the polymerization is 60 vol % solvent orless, preferably 40 vol % or less, or preferably 20 vol % or less, basedon the total volume of the feedstream. In various aspects where thepolymerization process is a solution polymerization, the process maycomprise polymerizing a hydrocarbon monomer dissolved in a solvent asdescribed herein in the presence of a catalyst system under conditionsto obtain a first effluent comprising a solution of polymer (e.g.,polyolefin) and solvent and/or unreacted hydrocarbon monomer.

The polymerization processes may be conducted under conditions includinga temperature of about 50° C. to about 220° C., preferably about 70° C.to about 210° C., preferably about 90° C. to about 200° C., preferablyfrom 100° C. to 190° C., preferably from 130° C. to 160° C. Thepolymerization process may be conducted at a pressure of from about 120to about 1800 psi (830 to 12000 kPa), preferably from 200 to 1000 psi(1400 to 6900 kPa), preferably from 300 to 600 psi (2100 to 4100 kPa).Preferably, the pressure is about 450 psi (3100 kPa). Often, hydrogenmay be present during the polymerization process at a partial pressureof 0.001 to 50 psig (0.007 to 350 kPa gauge (kPag)), preferably from0.01 to 25 psig (0.07 to 170 kPag), more preferably 0.1 to 10 psig (0.7to 70 kPag).

B. Quenching the Polymerization

Once a suitable amount of polymer is produced, a quenching agent may beadded to the first effluent stream in order to prevent furtherpolymerization, i.e., quench the polymerization reaction. In variousaspects, it is desirable to use a polyhydric quenching agent with a highmolecular weight.

The molecular weights specified in this invention are defined asconventional number-average molecular weights. The molecular weight of agiven quench agent is measured using a Waters gel permeationchromatograph equipped with Waters 2487 dual λ absorbance detector, aWaters 2414 refractive index detector, and two Waters Styragel™ HR 1 THFcolumns, where the flow rate of the tetrahydrofuran eluent is 1 mL/minat 40° C. Polystyrene standards (purchased from Waters) with narrowmolecular weight distributions may be used for molecular weightcalibration and, therefore, the molecular weight results are relativemolecular weights. Suitable polystyrene standards are of molecularweight of 0.93×10³, 1.05×10³, 1.26×10³, 1.31×10³, 1.99×10³, 2.97×10³,3.37×10³, 4.49×10³, 4.92×10³, and 5.03×10³ Daltons.

The quenching agent may have a molecular weight (M_(n)) of greater thanor equal to about 200 daltons, greater than or equal to about 250daltons, greater than or equal to about 320 daltons, greater than orequal to about 350 daltons, greater than or equal to about 400 daltons,greater than or equal to about 450 daltons, greater than or equal toabout 500 daltons, greater than or equal to about 550 daltons, greaterthan or equal to about 600 daltons, greater than or equal to about 650daltons, greater than or equal to about 700 daltons, greater than orequal to about 750 daltons, greater than or equal to about 800 daltons,greater than or equal to about 850 daltons, greater than or equal toabout 900 daltons, greater than or equal to about 950 daltons, greaterthan or equal to about 1000 daltons, greater than or equal to about 2000daltons, or greater than or equal to about 3000 daltons. In particular,the quenching agent may have a molecular weight (M_(n)) of greater thanor equal to about 200 daltons, greater than or equal to about 300daltons, greater than or equal to about 500 daltons or greater than orequal to about 600 daltons. Additionally or alternatively, the quenchingagent may have a molecular weight (M_(n)) of about 200 daltons to about3000 daltons, about 200 daltons to about 1000 daltons, about 300 daltonsto about 950 daltons, or about 500 daltons to about 900 daltons.Further, to ensure miscibility of the quenching agent with the polymerand solvent in the first effluent stream, the quenching agent may have ahydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than or equal to about 25,less than or equal to about 20, less than or equal to about 18, lessthan or equal to about 15, less than or equal to about 12, less than orequal to about 10, less than or equal to about 7, less than or equal toabout 5, or less than or equal to about 3. HLB may be determined asdescribed in Davies J T (1957), “A quantitative kinetic theory ofemulsion type I. Physical chemistry of the emulsifying agent,”Gas/Liquid and Liquid/Liquid Interface (Proceedings of the InternationalCongress of Surface Activity), pp. 426-38. In particular, the quenchingagent may have a HLB of less than or equal to about 20, less than orequal to about 18, less than or equal to about 15, or less than or equalto about 10. Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may havea HLB of about 3 to about 25, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 15,or about 5 to about 10.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may have a hydroxylvalue of greater than or equal to about 75 mg KOH/g, greater than orequal to about 100 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 150 mgKOH/g, greater than or equal to about 200 mg KOH/g, greater than orequal to about 250 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 300 mgKOH/g, greater than or equal to about 350 mg KOH/g, greater than orequal to about 400 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 450 mgKOH/g, or greater than or equal to about 500 mg KOH/g. Hydroxyl valuemay be determined according to ASTM Method D1957. In particular, thequenching agent may have a hydroxyl value of greater than or equal toabout 100 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 150 mg KOH/g, greaterthan or equal to about 200 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 250mg KOH/g, or greater than or equal to about 300 mg KOH/g. Additionallyor alternatively, the quenching agent may have a hydroxyl value of about75 mg KOH/g to about 500 mg KOH/g, about 100 mg KOH/g to about 500 mgKOH/g, about 150 mg KOH/g to about 500 mg KOH/g, or about 200 mg KOH/gto about 500 mg KOH/g.

In any embodiment, the quenching agent may have a molecular weight(M_(n)) greater than about 200 daltons, greater than or equal to about250 daltons, greater than or equal to about 500 daltons, or greater thanor equal to 600 daltons; and at least one of:

-   -   (i) a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about        20, less than about 18, less than about 15, or less than about        10; and    -   (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g,        greater than or equal to about 150 mg KOH/g, greater than or        equal to about 200 mg KOH/g, greater than or equal to about 250        mg KOH/g, or greater than or equal to about 300 mg KOH/g.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may haveboth(i)-(ii).

Suitable quenching agents include, but are not limited to fatty acidesters of polyglycerol, fatty acid esters of polyols, fatty acidalkylolamides or combinations thereof. Suitable fatty acid components ofthe fatty acid esters of polyglycerol, the fatty acid esters of polyolsand the fatty acid alkylolamides may have from 8 to 20 carbon atoms,such as, but not limited to oleic acid, stearic acid, and palmitic acid.Examples of suitable polyol components of the fatty acid ester include,but are not limited to, sorbitol and glycerol. The alkylolamidecomponent of the fatty acid alkylolamide may be derived fromalkylolamines, such as, but not limited to, ethanolamine anddiethanolamine

Examples of suitable fatty acid esters of polyglycerol include, but arenot limited to, decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol dipalmate,hexaglycerol distearate, and a combination thereof. Examples of suitablefatty acid esters of polyols include, but are not limited to, sorbitanmonooleate, glycerol monooleate, decaglycerol tetraoleate, and acombination thereof. Examples of suitable fatty acid alkylolamidesinclude, but are not limited to, oleic acid diethanolamide.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may be added to thefirst effluent stream in an amount based on the total concentration ofthe first effluent stream of less than or equal to about 1000 wppm, lessthan or equal to about 750 wppm, less than or equal to about 500 wppm,less than or equal to about 250 wppm, less than or equal to about 100wppm, less than or equal to about 50 ppm, or less than or equal to about10 ppm.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may be added to thefirst effluent stream in an amount on the total concentration of thefirst effluent stream of about 100 wppm to about 1000 wppm, about 100wppm to about 750 wppm, or about 250 wppm to about 500 wppm.

C. Separation of the First Effluent Stream

The solvent and/or unreacted hydrocarbon monomer present in the firsteffluent with polymer (e.g., polyolefin) requires removal from the firsteffluent. Thus, the process described herein comprises performing atleast one separation step on the first effluent stream. In particular, aseparation step may be performed in a first vessel on the first effluentstream under suitable conditions to produce a second effluent stream anda recycle stream. The separation may be performed in any suitablevessel, e.g., a flash vessel, high pressure flash vessel, etc. Asdiscussed above, when using traditional quenching agents (e.g., water,methanol), a non-negligible amount of those traditional quenching agentscan remain in the recycle stream following separation of the firsteffluent stream, which can subsequently poison fresh catalyst if notremoved. Consequently, further removal steps (e.g., treater beds,scavengers) are necessary to remove the quenching agent from the recyclestream resulting in added capital and operating costs.

Advantageously, the quenching agents described herein are presentprimarily in the second effluent stream rather than the recycle streamfollowing separation. In particular, the second effluent stream maycomprise polymer (e.g., polyolefin), which is substantially free of thesolvent, and the quenching agent.

The recycle stream may comprise the solvent and unreacted hydrocarbonmonomer. Preferably, the recycle stream is substantially free of thequenching agent. Optionally, the recycle stream may comprise thequenching agent in an insubstantial amount. Preferably, the secondeffluent stream has a higher concentration of the quenching agent thanthe recycle stream. For example, the quenching agent may be present inthe second effluent stream in an amount based on the total concentrationof the second effluent stream of at least about 100 wppm, at least about500 wppm, at least about 1000 wppm, at least about 2000 wppm or at leastabout 3000 wppm. Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent maybe present in the second effluent stream in an amount based on the totalconcentration of the second effluent stream of about 100 wppm to about3000 wppm, about 500 wppm to about 3000 wppm, or about 1000 wppm toabout 3000 wppm. If present in the recycle stream, the quenching agentmay be present in an amount based on the total concentration of therecycle stream of less than about 10 wppm, less than about 7.0 wppm,less than about 5.0 wppm, less than about 2.0 wppm, less than about 1.0wppm, less than about 0.10 wppm, or less than about 0.010 wppm. Inparticular, the quenching agent may be present in an amount based on thetotal concentration of the recycle stream of less than about 5.0 wppm,less than about 1.0 wppm or less than about 0.10 wppm. Additionally oralternatively, the quenching agent may be present in an amount based onthe total concentration of the recycle stream of about 0.010 wppm toabout 10 wppm, about 0.010 wppm to about 5.0 wppm, or about 0.010 wppmto about 1.0 wppm.

In various aspects, the separation step can be performed as aliquid-liquid separation to produce a liquid phase second effluentstream and a liquid phase recycle stream. Alternatively, the separationstep can be performed as a vapor liquid separation to produce a liquidphase second effluent stream and a vapor phase recycle stream.

A liquid-liquid separation may be conducted under conditions including atemperature of from about 150° C. to about 300° C., preferably about150° C. to about 250° C., preferably about 170° C. to about 230° C., orpreferably about 180° C. to about 210° C. Additionally or alternatively,the liquid-liquid separation may be conducted with a pressure of about375 psig to about 650 psig (2600 to 4500 kPag), preferably about 400psig to about 600 psig (2800 to 4100 kPag), or preferably about 400 psigto about 500 psig (2800 to 3400 kPag).

A liquid-vapor separation may be conducted under conditions including atemperature of from about 60° C. to about 200° C., preferably about 70°C. to about 180° C., preferably about 80° C. to about 170° C., orpreferably about 80° C. to about 150° C. Additionally or alternatively,the liquid-vapor separation may be conducted with a pressure of about 40psig to about 350 psig (280 to 2400 kPag), preferably about 50 psig toabout 300 psig (340 to 2100 kPag), preferably about 70 psig to about 200psig (480 to 1400 kPag), or preferably about 80 psig to about 150 psig(550 to 1000 kPag).

Often, where a liquid-liquid separation is performed, the quenchingagent may have a molecular weight (M_(n)) greater than or equal to about500 daltons or greater than or equal to about 600 daltons; and at leastone of:

-   -   (i) a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 15        of less than about 10; and    -   (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than or equal to about 150 mg        KOH/g or greater than or equal to about 200 mg KOH/g.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may have both(i)-(ii).

Often, where a liquid-vapor separation is performed, the quenching agentmay have a molecular weight (M_(n)) greater than or equal to about 250daltons or greater than or equal to about 300 daltons; and at least oneof:

-   -   (i) a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 18        or less than about 15; and    -   (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than or equal to about 250 mg        KOH/g or greater than or equal to about 300 mg KOH/g.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may have both(i)-(ii).

D. Recycle

Often, the process described herein may further comprise recycling atleast a portion of the recycle stream to be added during thepolymerization step. Advantageously, recycling of the recycle stream maynot include further processing to remove the quenching agent prior toaddition during the polymerization step. Further processing to removingquenching agent includes, but is not limited to, use of treater bedsand/or scavengers known in the art.

Optionally, at least a portion of polymer (e.g., polyolefin) may berecycled back to the polymerization step. Polymer (e.g., polyolefin) maybe produced with a recycle ratio of at least about 2, at least about 5,at least about 10, at least about 15, at least about 20, at least about25, at least about 30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at leastabout 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, or at least about 60.Preferably, polymer (e.g., polyolefin) may be produced with a recycleratio of at least about 5, at least about 20 or at least about 50.Preferably, polymer (e.g., polyolefin) may be produced with a recycleratio of about 2 to about 60, preferably about 5 to about 50, preferablyabout 6 to about 35, preferably about 8 to about 20.

E. Monomers

Hydrocarbon monomers useful herein include substituted or unsubstitutedC₂ to C₄₀ olefins, preferably C₂ to C₂₀ olefins, preferably C₂ to C₁₂olefins, preferably C₂ to C₅ olefins, preferably C₂ to C₄ olefins,preferably ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene,octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, and isomers thereof. Othersuitable hydrocarbon monomers include C₁ to C₄₀ paraffins, preferably C₁to C₂₀ paraffins, preferably C₁ to C₁₂ paraffins, preferably C₁ to C₅paraffins, preferably C₁ to C₄ paraffins, preferably methane, ethane,propane, butane, pentane, and isomers thereof. In particular, thehydrocarbon monomer can comprise C₂ to C₄₀ olefins and/or C₁ to C₄paraffins.

Often, the hydrocarbon monomer comprises propylene and, optional,comonomers comprising one or more C₂ olefin (ethylene) or C₄ to C₄₀olefins, preferably C₄ to C₂₀ olefins, or preferably C6 to C₁₂ olefins.The C₄ to C₄₀ olefin monomers may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The C₄to C₄₀ cyclic olefins may be strained or unstrained, monocyclic orpolycyclic, and may, optionally, include heteroatoms and/or one or morefunctional groups. In particular, the hydrocarbon monomer comprisesethylene and/or propylene.

Alternatively, the hydrocarbon monomer comprises ethylene and, optional,comonomers comprising one or more C₃ to C₄₀ olefins, preferably C₄ toC₂₀ olefins, or preferably C₆ to C₁₂ olefins. The C₃ to C₄₀ olefinmonomers may be linear, branched, or cyclic. The C₃ to C₄₀ cyclicolefins may be strained or unstrained, monocyclic or polycyclic, andmay, optionally, include heteroatoms and/or one or more functionalgroups.

Exemplary C₂ to C₄₀ olefin monomers and, optional, comonomers includeethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene,decene, undecene, dodecene, norbornene, norbornadiene,dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene,cyclooctadiene, cyclododecene, 7-oxanorbornene, 7-oxanorbornadiene,substituted derivatives thereof, and isomers thereof, preferably hexene,heptene, octene, nonene, decene, dodecene, cyclooctene,1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1-hydroxy-4-cyclooctene, 1-acetoxy-4-cyclooctene,5-methylcyclopentene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene, norbornene,norbornadiene, and their respective homologs and derivatives, preferablynorbornene, norbornadiene, and dicyclopentadiene.

Preferably, one or more dienes are present in the polymer producedherein at up to 10 wt %, preferably at 0.00001 to 1.0 wt %, preferably0.002 to 0.5 wt %, even more preferably 0.003 to 0.2 wt %, based uponthe total weight of the composition. Often, 500 ppm or less of diene isadded to the polymerization, preferably 400 ppm or less, or preferably300 ppm or less. Alternatively, at least 50 ppm of diene is added to thepolymerization, or 100 ppm or more, or 150 ppm or more.

Useful diolefin monomers include any hydrocarbon structure, preferablyC₄ to C₃₀, having at least two unsaturated bonds, wherein at least twoof the unsaturated bonds are readily incorporated into a polymer byeither a stereospecific or a non-stereospecific catalyst(s). It isfurther preferred that the diolefin monomers be selected from alpha,omega-diene monomers (i.e., di-vinyl monomers). More preferably, thediolefin monomers are linear di-vinyl monomers, most preferably thosecontaining from 4 to 30 carbon atoms. Examples of preferred dienesinclude butadiene, pentadiene, hexadiene, heptadiene, octadiene,nonadiene, decadiene, undecadiene, dodecadiene, tridecadiene,tetradecadiene, pentadecadiene, hexadecadiene, heptadecadiene,octadecadiene, nonadecadiene, icosadiene, heneicosadiene, docosadiene,tricosadiene, tetracosadiene, pentacosadiene, hexacosadiene,heptacosadiene, octacosadiene, nonacosadiene, and triacontadiene.Particularly preferred dienes include 1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene,1,8-nonadiene, 1,9-decadiene, 1,10-undecadiene, 1,11-dodecadiene,1,12-tridecadiene, 1,13-tetradecadiene, and low molecular weightpolybutadienes (M_(w) less than 1000 g/mol). Preferred cyclic dienesinclude cyclopentadiene, vinylnorbornene, norbornadiene, ethylidenenorbornene, divinylbenzene, dicyclopentadiene, or higher ring containingdiolefins, with or without substituents at various ring positions.

F. Polymers

This disclosure also describes polymer compositions of matter producedby the methods described herein. Preferably, a process described hereinproduces homopolymers and copolymers of one, two, three, four or more C₂to C₄₀ olefin monomers, preferably C₂ to C₂₀ alpha olefin monomers.Particularly useful monomers include ethylene, propylene, butene,pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene,isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Likewise, the processes of this disclosure produce olefin polymers,preferably polyethylene and polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers.Preferably, the polymers produced are homopolymers of ethylene orhomopolymers of propylene In particular, the polymer comprisespolyethylene and/or polypropylene.

Alternately, the polymers produced herein are copolymers of a C₂ to C₄₀olefin and one, two, or three or more different C₂ to C₄₀ olefins,(where the C₂ to C₄₀ olefins are preferably C₃ to C₂₀ olefins,preferably C₃ to C₁₂ alpha-olefin, preferably propylene, butene, hexene,octene, decene, dodecene, preferably propylene, butene, hexene, octane,or a mixture thereof). Alternately, the polymers produced herein arecopolymers of ethylene preferably having from 0 to 25 mol % (alternatelyfrom 0.5 to 20 mol %, alternately from 1 to 15 mol %, preferably from 3to 10 mol %) of one or more C₃ to C₂₀ olefin comonomer (preferably C₃ toC₁₂ alpha-olefin, preferably propylene, butene, hexene, octene, decene,dodecene, preferably propylene, butene, hexene, octene). Alternately,the polymers produced herein are copolymers of propylene preferablyhaving from 0 to 25 mol % (alternately from 0.5 to 20 mol %, alternatelyfrom 1 to 15 mol %, preferably from 3 to 10 mol %) of one or more of C₂or C₄ to C₂₀ olefin comonomers (preferably ethylene or C₄ to C₁₂alpha-olefin, preferably ethylene, butene, hexene, octene, decene,dodecene, preferably ethylene, butene, hexene, octene).

Typically, the polymers produced herein have a M_(w) of 5,000 to1,000,000 g/mol (preferably 25,000 to 750,000 g/mol, preferably 50,000to 500,000 g/mol), and/or a M_(w)/M_(n) of greater than 1 to 40(alternately 1.2 to 20, alternately 1.3 to 10, alternately 1.4 to 5, 1.5to 4, alternately 1.5 to 3). Preferably, a polymer produced herein has aunimodal or multimodal molecular weight distribution as determined byGel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). As used herein, “unimodal” meansthat the GPC trace has one peak or inflection point; “multimodal” meansthat the GPC trace has at least two peaks or inflection points. Aninflection point is that point where the second derivative of the curvechanges in sign (e.g., from negative to positive or vice versa). Unlessotherwise indicated M_(w), M_(n), and MWD may be determined by GPC asdescribed in US 2006/0173123, pages 24 and 25, paragraphs [0334] to[0338].

Preferably, the polymer (e.g., polyolefin) produced herein has acomposition distribution breadth index (CDBI) of 50% or more, preferably60% or more, preferably 70% or more. CDBI is a measure of thecomposition distribution of monomer within the polymer chains and ismeasured by the procedure described in WO 93/03093, published Feb. 18,1993, specifically columns 7 and 8, as well as in Wild et al. (1982) J.Poly. Sci., Poly. Phys. Ed. 20:441, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,204,including that fractions having a weight average molecular weight(M_(w)) below 15,000 are ignored when determining CDBI. In variousaspects, polymer (e.g., polyolefin) may be produced at a rate of ≧about1 pound per hour per gallon of reactor volume, ≧about 2 pounds per hourper gallon of reactor volume, ≧about 4 pounds per hour per gallon ofreactor volume, ≧about 6 pounds per hour per gallon of reactor volume,or ≧about 8 pounds per hour per gallon of reactor volume. Preferably,polymer (e.g., polyolefin) is produced at a rate of ≧about 1 pound perhour per gallon of reactor volume, ≧about 6 pounds per hour per gallonof reactor volume, or ≧about 8 pounds per hour per gallon of reactorvolume. Ranges expressly disclosed include combinations of any of theabove-enumerated values, e.g., about 1 to about 8 pounds per hour pergallon of reactor volume, about 2 to about 8 pounds per hour per gallonof reactor volume, about 4 to about 8 pounds per hour per gallon ofreactor volume, etc. Preferably, polymer (e.g., polyolefin) is producedat a rate of about 1 to about 8 pounds per hour per gallon of reactorvolume.

The polymers may be stabilized and formed into pellets usingconventional equipment and methods, such as by mixing the polymer and astabilizer (such as antioxidant) together directly in a mixer (e.g., asingle or twin-screw extruder) and then pelletizing the combination.Additionally, additives may be included in the pellets. Such additivesare well known in the art, and can include, for example: fillers;antioxidants (e.g., hindered phenolics such as IRGANOX™ 1010 or IRGANOX™1076 available from Ciba-Geigy); phosphites (e.g., IRGAFOS™ 168available from Ciba-Geigy); anti-cling additives; tackifiers, such aspolybutenes, terpene resins, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon resins,alkali metal and glycerol stearates, and hydrogenated rosins; UVstabilizers; heat stabilizers; anti-blocking agents; release agents;anti-static agents; pigments; colorants; dyes; waxes; silica; talc; andthe like.

G. Polymer Blends

Often, the polymer (preferably the polyethylene or polypropylene)produced is combined with one or more additional polymers prior to beingformed into a film, molded part or other article. Other useful polymersinclude polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene, highly isotacticpolypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, random copolymer of propyleneand ethylene, and/or butene, and/or hexene, polybutene, ethylene vinylacetate, LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methylacrylate, copolymers of acrylic acid, polymethylmethacrylate or anyother polymers polymerizable by a high-pressure free radical process,polyvinylchloride, polybutene-1, isotactic polybutene, ABS resins,ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR), vulcanized EPR, EPDM, block copolymer,styrenic block copolymers, polyamides, polycarbonates, PET resins, crosslinked polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and vinyl alcohol (EVOH),polymers of aromatic monomers such as polystyrene, poly-1 esters,polyacetal, polyvinylidine fluoride, polyethylene glycols, and/orpolyisobutylene.

Preferably, the polymer (preferably the polyethylene or polypropylene)is present in the above blends, from 10 to 99 wt %, based upon theweight of the polymers in the blend, preferably 20 to 95 wt %, even morepreferably at least 30 to 90 wt %, even more preferably at least 40 to90 wt %, even more preferably at least 50 to 90 wt %, even morepreferably at least 60 to 90 wt %, even more preferably at least 70 to90 wt %. These blends may be produced by mixing the polymers with one ormore polymers (as described above), by connecting reactors together inseries to make reactor blends or by using more than one catalyst in thesame reactor to produce multiple species of polymer. The polymers can bemixed together prior to being put into the extruder or may be mixed inan extruder.

The blends may be formed using conventional equipment and methods, suchas by dry blending the individual components and subsequently meltmixing in a mixer, or by mixing the components together directly in amixer, such as, for example, a Banbury mixer, a Haake mixer, a Brabenderinternal mixer, or a single or twin-screw extruder, which may include acompounding extruder and a side-arm extruder used directly downstream ofa polymerization process, which may include blending powders or pelletsof the resins at the hopper of the film extruder. Additionally,additives may be included in the blend, in one or more components of theblend, and/or in a product formed from the blend, such as a film, asdesired. Such additives are well known in the art, and can include, forexample: fillers; antioxidants (e.g., hindered phenolics such asIRGANOX™ 1010 or IRGANOX™ 1076 available from Ciba-Geigy); phosphites(e.g., IRGAFOS™ 168 available from Ciba-Geigy); anti-cling additives;tackifiers, such as polybutenes, terpene resins, aliphatic and aromatichydrocarbon resins, alkali metal and glycerol stearates, andhydrogenated rosins; UV stabilizers; heat stabilizers; anti-blockingagents; release agents; anti-static agents; pigments; colorants; dyes;waxes; silica; talc; and the like.

H. Films

Specifically, any of the foregoing polymers, such as the foregoingpolypropylenes or blends thereof, may be used in a variety of end-useapplications. Such applications include, for example, mono- ormulti-layer blown, extruded, and/or shrink films These films may beformed by any number of well-known extrusion or coextrusion techniques,such as a blown bubble film processing technique, wherein thecomposition can be extruded in a molten state through an annular die andthen expanded to form a uniaxial or biaxial orientation melt prior tobeing cooled to form a tubular, blown film, which can then be axiallyslit and unfolded to form a flat film Films may be subsequentlyunoriented, uniaxially oriented, or biaxially oriented to the same ordifferent extents. One or more of the layers of the film may be orientedin the transverse and/or longitudinal directions to the same ordifferent extents. The uniaxially orientation can be accomplished usingtypical cold drawing or hot drawing methods. Biaxial orientation can beaccomplished using tenter frame equipment or double bubble processes andmay occur before or after the individual layers are brought together.For example, a polyethylene layer can be extrusion coated or laminatedonto an oriented polypropylene layer or the polyethylene andpolypropylene can be coextruded together into a film, then oriented.Likewise, oriented polypropylene can be laminated to orientedpolyethylene, or oriented polyethylene can be coated onto polypropylene,then, optionally, the combination could be oriented even further.Typically, the films are oriented in the Machine Direction (MD) at aratio of up to 15, preferably between 5 and 7, and in the TransverseDirection (TD) at a ratio of up to 15, preferably between 7 to 9.However, alternatively, the film is oriented to the same extent in boththe MD and TD directions.

The films may vary in thickness depending on the intended application;however, films of a thickness from 1 to 50 μm are usually suitable.Films intended for packaging are usually from 10 to 50 μm thick. Thethickness of the sealing layer is typically 0.2 to 50 μm. There may be asealing layer on both the inner and outer surfaces of the film or thesealing layer may be present on only the inner or the outer surface.

Often, one or more layers may be modified by corona treatment, electronbeam irradiation, gamma irradiation, flame treatment, or microwave.Preferably, one or both of the surface layers is modified by coronatreatment.

I. Catalyst System

The catalyst system used in the polymerization process described hereinmay comprise a catalyst (e.g., olefin polymerization catalyst compound,such as metallocene compound, Ziegler-Natta catalyst, post-metallocenecompound, etc.) and an activator. The catalyst (e.g., olefinpolymerization catalyst compound, such as metallocene compound,Ziegler-Natta catalyst, post-metallocene compound, etc.) and activatormay be combined in any order. For example, the catalyst (e.g., olefinpolymerization catalyst compound, such as metallocene compound,Ziegler-Natta catalyst, post-metallocene compound, etc.) and theactivator may be combined prior to contacting the monomer.Alternatively, the activater may be added to a solution of the monomerand the catalyst (e.g., olefin polymerization catalyst compound, such asmetallocene compound, Ziegler-Natta catalyst, post-metallocene compound,etc.). Preferably, the activator and catalyst (e.g., olefinpolymerization catalyst compound, such as metallocene compound,Ziegler-Natta catalyst, post-metallocene compound, etc.) are contactedto form the catalyst system prior to entering a reaction zone. As usedherein, “immediately” refers to a period of time of about 1 to about 120seconds, preferably of about 1 to about 60 seconds, preferably about 1to 30 seconds before the activator and the catalyst (e.g., olefinpolymerization catalyst compound, such as metallocene compound,pyridyldiamido compound, etc.) enter a reaction zone. Additionally oralternatively, the activator may be introduced to a recycle streamcomprising the monomer, the catalyst system and the polymer.

Any pre-catalyst compound (catalyst precursor compound) that can producethe desired polymer species may be used in the processes and systemsdisclosed herein. Suitable pre-catalyst/catalyst precursor compoundsinclude—by way of non-limiting examples—metallocene transition metalcompounds (containing one, or two cyclopentadienyl ligands per metalatom), non-metallocene early transition metal compounds (including thosewith amide and/or phenoxide type ligands), non-metallocene latetransition metal compounds (including those with diimine ordiiminepyridyl ligands), non-metallocene catalyst compounds described inWO 03/040095; WO 03/040201; WO 03/040233; and WO 03/040442, and othertransition metal compounds. Suitable catalysts for use in the processesand systems described herein include any suitable coordination catalyst,such as a metallocene compound, constrained geometry catalyst,post-metallocene compound, Ziegler-Natta catalyst and combinationsthereof.

1. Metallocene Compounds

Representative metallocene-type compounds useful herein are representedby the formula:

T_(j)L_(A)L_(B)L_(Ci)MDE

where, M is a group 3, 4, 5, or 6 transition metal atom, or a lanthanidemetal atom, or actinide metal atom, preferably a group 4 transitionmetal atom selected from titanium, zirconium or 30 hafnium; L_(A), anancillary ligand, is a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic orpolycyclic arenyl pi-bonded to M; L_(B) is a member of the class ofancillary ligands defined for L_(A), or is J, a heteroatom ancillaryligand bonded to M through the heteroatom; the L_(A) and L_(B) ligandsmay be covalently bridged together through a bridging group, T,containing a group 14, 15, or 16 element or boron wherein j is 1 if T ispresent and j is 0 if T is absent (j equals 0 or 1); L_(Ci) is anoptional neutral, non-oxidizing ligand having a dative bond to M (iequals 0, 1, 2, or 3); and, D and E are independently mono-anioniclabile ligands, each having a sigma-bond to M, optionally bridged toeach other or to L_(A), L_(B), or L_(C).

As used herein, the term “monocyclic arenyl ligand” is used herein tomean a substituted or unsubstituted monoanionic Cs to Cm hydrocarbylligand 5 that contains an aromatic five-membered single hydrocarbyl ringstructure (also referred to as a cyclopentadienyl ring).

As used herein, the term “polycyclic arenyl ligand” is used herein tomean a substituted or unsubstituted monoanionic Cs to C103 hydrocarbylligand that contains an aromatic five-membered hydrocarbyl ring (alsoreferred to as a cyclopentadienyl ring) that is fused to one or twopartially unsaturated, or aromatic hydrocarbyl or heteroatom substitutedhydrocarbyl ring structures which may be fused to additional saturated,partially unsaturated, or aromatic hydrocarbyl or heteroatom substitutedhydrocarbyl rings. Cyclopentadienyl ligands, indenyl ligands fluorenylligands, tetrahydroindenyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]thienyl ligands, andcyclopenta[b]pyridyl ligands are all examples of arenyl ligands.

Non-limiting examples of L_(A) include substituted or unsubstitutedcyclopentadienyl ligands, indenyl ligands, fluorenyl ligands,dibenzo[b,h]fluorenyl ligands, benzo[b]fluorenyl ligands, azulenylligands, pentalenyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]naphthyl ligands,cyclopenta[a]naphthyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]thienyl ligands,cyclopenta[c]thienyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]pyrrolyl ligands,cyclopenta[c]pyrrolyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]furyl ligands,cyclopenta[c]furyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]phospholyl ligands,cyclopenta[c]phospholyl ligands, cyclopenta[b]pyridyl ligands,cyclopenta[c]pyridyl ligands, cyclopenta[c]phosphinyl ligands,cyclopenta[b]phosphinyl ligands, cyclopenta[g]quinolyl,cyclopenta[g]isoquinolyl, indeno [1,2-c]pyridyl, and the like, includinghydrogenated versions thereof, for example tetrahydroindenyl ligands.

Non-limiting examples of LB include those listed for L_(A) above.Additionally, L_(B) is defined as J, wherein J is represented by theformula J′-R″_(k-l-j) and J′ is bonded to M. J′ is a heteroatom with acoordination number of three from Group 15 or with a coordination numberof two from Group 16 of the Periodic Table of Elements, and ispreferably nitrogen; R″ is selected from C₁-C₁₀₀ substituted orunsubstituted hydrocarbyl radical; k is the coordination number of theheteroatom J′ where “k-l-j” indicates the number of R″ substituentsbonded to J′. Non-limiting examples of J include all isomers (includingcyclics) of propylamido, butylamido, pentylamido, hexylamido,heptylamido, octylamido, nonylamido, decylamido, undecylamido,docecylamido, phenylamido, tolylamido, xylylamido, benzylamido,biphenylamido, oxo, sulfandiyl, hexylphosphido, and the like.

When present, T is a bridging group containing boron or a group 14, 15,or 16 element. Examples of suitable bridging groups include R′₂C, R′₂Si,R′₂Ge, R′₂CCR′₂, R′₂CCR′₂CR′₂, R′₂CCR′₂CR′₂CR′₂, R′C═CR′, R′₂CSiR′₂,R′₂SiSiR′5₂, R′₂CSiR′₂CR′₂, R′₂SiCR′₂SiR′₂, R′₂CGeR′₂, R′₂GeGeR′₂,R′₂CGeR′₂CR′₂, R′₂GeCR′₂GeR′₂, R′₂SiGeR′₂, R′B, R′₂C—BR′, R′₂C—BR′—CR′₂,R′₂C—O—CR′₂, R′₂C—S—CR′₂, R′₂C—Se—CR′₂, R′₂C—NR′—CR′₂, and R′₂C—PR′—CR′₂where R′ is hydrogen or a C₁-C₂₀ containing hydrocarbyl or substitutedhydrocarbyl and optionally two or more adjacent R′ may join to form asubstituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially unsaturated oraromatic, cyclic or polycyclic substituent.

Non-limiting examples of the bridging group T include CH₂, CH₂CH₂, CMe₂,SiMe₂, SiEt₂, SiPh₂, SiMePh, Si(CH₂)₃, Si(CH₂)₄, Si(CH₂)₅,Si(Ph-p-SiEt₃)₂, and the like. Non-limiting examples of D and E areindependently, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, benzyl,dimethylamido, methoxy, and the like.

More preferred are metallocenes which are bis-cyclopentadienylderivatives of a group 4 transition metal, preferably zirconium orhafnium. See WO 99/41294. These may advantageously be derivativescontaining a fluorenyl ligand and a cyclopentadienyl ligand connected bya single carbon and silicon atom. See WO 99/45040 and WO 99/45041. Mostpreferably, the Cp ring is unsubstituted and/or the bridge containsalkyl substituents, suitably alkylsilyl substituents to assist in thealkane solubility of the metallocene. See WO 00/24792 and WO 00/24793.Other possible metallocenes include those in WO 01/58912. Other suitablemetallocenes may be bis-fluorenyl derivatives or unbridged indenylderivatives, which may be substituted at one or more positions on thefused ring with moieties which have the effect of increasing themolecular weight and so indirectly permit polymerization at highertemperatures, such as described in EP 693 506 and EP 780 395.

Catalyst compounds that are particularly useful in this inventioninclude one or more of the metallocene compounds listed and described inParagraphs [0089]-[0162] of US 2015-0025209, which was previouslyincorporated by reference herein. For instance, useful catalystcompounds may include any one or more of:cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2,4,7-trimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2,4,7-trimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2,4,7-trimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-dimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-dimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-dimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-dimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-dimethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-dimethylinden-1-yl)5 hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-cyclopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-t-butylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-t-butylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-t-butylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl, cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2,4-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4,7-diethylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-methylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-methylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-ethyl-4-methylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotetramethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-isopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclopentamethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-isopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl,cyclotrimethylenesilylene-bis(2-methyl-4-isopropylinden-1-yl)hafniumdimethyl.

Likewise, the catalyst compounds described herein may be synthesized inany suitable manner, including in accordance with procedures describedin Paragraphs [0096] and [00247]-[00247] of U.S. Ser. No. 14/325,449,filed Jul. 8, 2014 and published as US 2015-0025209.

Additional useful catalyst compounds may include any one or more of:rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl)hafniumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl) hafniumdichloride;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl) zirconiumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-4-phenyl-indenyl) zirconiumdichloride;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-benzindenyl)5 hafniumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-benzindenyl) hafniumdichloride;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-benzindenyl) zirconiumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(2-methyl-benzindenyl) zirconiumdichloride;rac-dimethylsilylbis [(2-methyl-4-phenyl)indenyl] zirconiumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilylbis [(2-methyl)indenyl]zirconiumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(indenyl)hafniumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(indenyl)hafniumdichloride;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(indenyl)zirconiumdimethyl;rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(indenyl)zirconiumdichloride;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdichloride;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethyl;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethoxide;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdibenzyl;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdifluoride;bis(1-methyl,4-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdiamide;bis(1-methyl,4-ethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdichloride;bis(1-methyl,4-ethylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethyl;bis(1-methyl,4-benzylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdichloride;bis(1-methyl,4-benzylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethyl;bis(1-methyl,3-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdichloride;bis(1-methyl,3-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethyl;bis(1-methyl,3-n-propylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdichloride; and/orbis(1-methyl,3-n-propylcyclopentadienyl)zirconiumdimethyl.

Suitable mono-Cp amido group 4 complexes useful herein include:dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(tert-butylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(adamantylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclooctylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclohexylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(norbornylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(trimethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(trimethylcyclopentadienyl)(adamantylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(trimethylcyclopentadienyl)(tert-butylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(tert-butylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(adamantylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-sindacen-5-yl)(cyclooctylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(cyclohexylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(6-methyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(2,2,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(adamantylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(2,2,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydros-indacen-5-yl)(cyclohexylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(2,2,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(2,2,6-trimethyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-s-indacen-5-yl)(tert-butylamido)titaniumdimethyl, and any combination thereof.

Particularly useful fluorenyl-cyclopentadienyl group 4 complexesinclude:1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;dimethylsilylene(cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;

diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl;diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(3,6-dimethylfluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl; dimethylsilylene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl; isopropylidene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl; diphenylmethylene(cyclopentadienyl)(fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl; and1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tert-butyl-fluoren-9-yl)hafniumdimethyl.

2. Ziegler-Natta Catalyst

Suitable catalysts for use in the processes and systems disclosed hereininclude Ziegler-Natta catalysts comprising: 1) a solid titanium catalystcomponent comprising a titanium compound, a magnesium compound, and aninternal electron donor; 2) a co-catalyst such as an organoaluminumcompound; and 3) external electron donor(s). Ziegler-Natta catalysts,catalyst systems, and preparations thereof include supported catalystsystems described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,479; U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,021;and WO 00/44795, preferably including solid titanium and or magnesium.For example, useful Ziegler-Natta catalysts are typically composed of atransition metal compound from groups 4, 5, 6, and/or 7 (preferablygroup 4) and an organometallic compound of a metal from groups 11, 12,and/or 13 (preferably group 13) of the periodic table. Well-knownexamples include TiCl₃-Et₂A1Cl, A1R₃-TiCl₄,wherein Et is an ethyl groupand R represents an alkyl group, typically a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, and the like. Thesecatalysts include mixtures of halides of transition metals, especiallytitanium, chromium, vanadium, and zirconium, with organic derivatives ofnontransition metals, particularly alkyl aluminum compounds.

Briefly, the Ziegler-Natta catalysts can be obtained by: (1) suspendinga dialkoxy magnesium compound in an aromatic hydrocarbon that is liquidat ambient temperatures; (2) contacting the dialkoxymagnesium-hydrocarbon composition with a titanium halide and with adiester of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid; and (3) contacting theresulting functionalized dialkoxy magnesium hydrocarbon composition ofstep (2) with additional titanium halide.

The Ziegler-Natta catalyst is typically combined with a co-catalystwhich is preferably an organoaluminum compound that is halogen free.Suitable halogen free organoaluminum compounds are, in particular,branched unsubstituted alkylaluminum compounds of the formula A1R₃,where R denotes an alkyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (preferablymethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, and the like), suchas, for example, trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum,triisobutylaluminum, and tridiisobutylaluminum. Additional compoundsthat are suitable for use as a cocatalyst are readily available andamply disclosed in the prior art including U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,477,which is incorporated herein by reference. The same or differentZiegler-Natta catalyst(s) can be used in both the initial and subsequentpolymerization steps. Preferably, the solid catalyst is a magnesiumsupported TiCl₄ catalyst and the organoaluminum co-catalyst istriethylaluminum.

Electron donors are also typically used in two ways in the formation ofZiegler-Natta catalysts and catalyst systems. An internal electron donormay be used in the formation reaction of the catalyst as the transitionmetal halide is reacted with the metal hydride or metal alkyl. Examplesof internal electron donors include amines, amides, ethers, esters,aromatic esters, ketones, nitriles, phosphines, stilbenes, arsines,phosphoramides, thioethers, thioesters, aldehydes, alcoholates, andsalts of organic acids. In conjunction with an internal donor, anexternal electron donor may also be used in combination with a catalyst.External electron donors often affect the level of stereoregularity inpolymerization reactions. The second use for an electron donor in acatalyst system is as an external electron donor and stereoregulator inthe polymerization reaction. The same compound may be used in bothinstances, although typically they are different. Preferred externalelectron donor materials may include organic silicon compounds, e.g.,tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and dicyclopentydimethoxysilane (DCPMS).Internal and external-type electron donors are described, for example,in U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,068, which is incorporated herein by reference.The use of organic silicon compounds as external electron donors aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,339; U.S. Pat. No.4,395,360; U.S. Pat. No. 4,328,122; U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,660; U.S. Pat.No. 6,133,385; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,303, all of which areincorporated herein by reference. Particularly useful electron donorsinclude external electron donors used as stereoregulators, incombination with Ziegler-Natta catalysts.

A particularly useful Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a magnesium chloridesupported titanium catalyst selected from the group of THC-C typecatalyst solid systems available from Toho Titanium Corporation ofJapan. Particularly preferred donor systems include those described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,087,459, such as for example, a blend ofpropyltriethoxysilane (PTES) and dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane (DCPMS),typically a 95/5 mol % blend. Another useful donor is methylcyclohexyldi-methoxysilane (MCMS).

A particular Ziegler-Natta catalyst may produce better results whenpaired with a particular group of electron donors. Examples of thisparing of catalyst and electron donors are disclosed in US 4,562,173 andUS 4,547,552, which are incorporated by reference herein.

3. Pyridyldiamido Compound

Another suitable catalyst for use in the processes and systems disclosedherein include pyridyldiamido compounds. The term “pyridyldiamidocompound”, “pyridyldiamido complex” or “pyridyldiamide complex” or“pyridyldiamido catalyst” or pyridyldiamide catalyst” refers to a classof coordination complexes described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,973,116; US2012/0071616; US 2011/0224391; US 2011/0301310; US 2014/0221587; US2014/0256893; US 2014/0316089; US 2015/0141590; and US 2015/0141601 thatfeature a dianionic tridentate ligand that is coordinated to a metalcenter through one neutral Lewis basic donor atom (e.g., a pyridinegroup) and a pair of anionic amido or phosphido (i.e., deprotonatedamine or phosphine) donors. In these complexes, the pyridyldiamidoligand is coordinated to the metal with the formation of onefive-membered chelate ring and one seven-membered chelate ring. It ispossible for additional atoms of the pyridyldiamido ligand to becoordinated to the metal without affecting the catalyst function uponactivation; an example of this could be a cyclometalated substitutedaryl group that forms an additional bond to the metal center.

In one aspect, the catalyst system comprises a pyridyldiamido transitionmetal complex represented by Formula (A):

wherein:

M* is a Group 4 metal (preferably hafnium);

each E′ group is independently selected from carbon, silicon, orgermanium (preferably carbon);

each X′ is an anionic leaving group (preferably alkyl, aryl, hydride,alkylsilane, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, triflate, carboxylate,alkylsulfonate);

L* is a neutral Lewis base (preferably ether, amine, thioether);

R′¹ and R′¹³ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, and silyl groups (preferablyaryl);

R′², R′³, R′⁴, R′⁵, R′⁶, R′⁷, R′⁸, R′⁹, R′¹⁰, R′¹¹, and R′¹² areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, substituted hydrocarbyls,halogen, and phosphino;

n′ is 1 or 2;

m′ is 0, 1, or 2;

two X′ groups may be joined together to form a dianionic group;

two L* groups may be joined together to form a bidentate Lewis base;

an X′ group may be joined to an L* group to form a monoanionic bidentategroup;

R′⁷ and R′⁸ may be joined to form a ring (preferably an aromatic ring, asix-membered aromatic ring with the joined R′⁷R′⁸ group being—CH═CHCH═CH—); and

R′¹⁰ and R′¹¹ may be joined to form a ring (preferably a five-memberedring with the joined R′¹⁰R′¹¹ group being —CH₂CH₂— or a six-memberedring with the joined R′¹⁰ R′¹¹ group being —CH₂CH₂CH₂—).

In any embodiment described herein, M* is preferably Zr, or Hf,preferably Hf. In any embodiment described herein, the R′ groups above(R′¹, R′², R′³, R′⁴, R′⁵, R′⁶, R′⁷, R′⁸, R′⁹, R′¹⁰, , R′¹¹ R′^(12,) andR′¹³) preferably contain up to 30, preferably no more than 30 carbonatoms, especially from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferably, R′¹ is selectedfrom phenyl groups that are variously substituted with between zero tofive substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃, NO₂, alkoxy,dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbons, such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl,decyl, and isomers thereof.

In any embodiment described herein, preferably R′¹ and R′¹³ areindependently selected from phenyl groups that are variously substitutedwith between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃,NO₂, alkoxy, dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups with between one toten carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and isomers thereof. In any embodimentdescribed herein, preferably E is carbon, and R′¹ and R′¹³ areindependently selected from phenyl groups that are variously substitutedwith between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF3,NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyls,groups with from one to ten carbons. In any embodiment described herein,preferably R′¹ and R′¹³ are selected from aryl or alkyl groupscontaining from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, especially phenyl groups. It ispreferred that R¹ and R′¹³ be chosen from aryl or alkyl groups and thatR′², R′³, R′¹¹, and R′¹², be independently chosen from hydrogen, alkyl,and aryl groups, such as phenyl. The phenyl groups may be alkylsubstituted. The alkyl substituents may be straight chain alkyls, butinclude branched alkyls. Preferably, each R′¹ and R′¹³ is a substitutedphenyl group with either one or both of R′² and R′¹¹ being substitutedwith a group containing between one to ten carbons. Some specificexamples would include, R¹ and R¹³ being chosen from a group including2-methylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl,mesityl, 2,6-diethylphenyl, and 2,6-diisopropylphenyl.

Preferably, R⁷ and R⁸ may be joined to form a four- to ten-memberedring. One example has the R′⁷R′⁸ group being —CH═CHCH═CH—, with theformation of an aromatic six-membered ring. Preferably, R′¹⁰ and R′¹¹may be joined to form a four- to ten-membered ring. One specific examplehas the R′¹⁰R′¹¹ group being —CH₂CH₂—, with the formation of afive-membered ring. Another example has the R′¹⁰R′¹¹ being —CH₂CH₂CH₂—,with the formation of a six-membered ring.

Preferably, E′ is carbon. Preferably, R′² is an aromatic hydrocarbylgroup containing between 6 to 12 carbon atoms and R′¹³ is a saturatedhydrocarbon containing between 3 to 12 carbon atoms. A specific examplehas R′²=2-isopropylphenyl and R′¹³=cyclohexyl.

In any embodiment described herein, R′², R′³, R′⁴, R′⁵, R′⁶, R′⁷, R′⁸,R′⁹, R′¹⁰, R′¹¹, and R′¹² may be hydrogen or alkyl from 1 to 4 carbonatoms. Preferably 0, 1, or 2 of R′², R′³, R′⁴, R′⁵, R′⁶, R′⁷, R′⁸, R′⁹,R′¹⁰, R′¹¹, and R′are alkyl substituents.

In any embodiment described herein, preferably X′ is selected fromalkyl, aryl, hydride, alkylsilane, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide,triflate, carboxylate, alkylsulfonate, alkoxy, amido, hydrido, phenoxy,hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl. In any embodiment describedherein, preferably L* is selected from ethers, thio-ethers, amines,nitriles, imines, pyridines, and phosphines, preferably ethers.

Catalyst systems may comprise a pyridyldiamido transition metal complexrepresented by Formula (I):

M is a Group 4 metal, preferably a Group 4 metal, more preferably Ti,Zr, or Hf;

Z is —(R¹⁴)_(p)C—C(R¹⁵)_(q)—, where R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, andsubstituted hydrocarbyls, (preferably hydrogen and alkyls), and whereinadjacent R¹⁴ and R¹⁵ groups may be joined to form an aromatic orsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ring, where the ringhas 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ringcan join to form additional rings;

p is 1 or 2, and q is 1 or 2; R¹ and R¹¹ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, andsilyl groups (preferably alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and silyl groups); R²and R¹⁰ are each, independently, —E(R¹²)(R¹³)— with E being carbon,silicon, or germanium, and each R¹² and R¹³ being independently selectedfrom the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and substitutedhydrocarbyl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, halogen, and phosphino(preferably hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy,heteroaryl, halogen, and phosphino), R¹² and R¹³ may be joined to eachother or to R¹⁴ or R¹⁵ to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstitutedhydrocarbyl ring, where the ring has 4, 5, 6, or 7 ring carbon atoms andwhere substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, orR¹² and R¹³ may be joined to form a saturated heterocyclic ring, or asaturated substituted heterocyclic ring where substitutions on the ringcan join to form additional rings;

R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, aryloxy,halogen, amino, and silyl, (preferably hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,halogen, amino, silyl, and aryl), and wherein adjacent R groups (R³ & R⁴and/or R⁴ & R⁵) may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstitutedhydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ringatoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additionalrings;

L is an anionic leaving group, where the L groups may be the same ordifferent and any two L groups may be linked to form a dianionic leavinggroup;

n is 1 or 2; L′ is a neutral Lewis base; and w is 0, 1, or 2.

Often, Z is defined as an aryl so that the complex is represented byFormula (II):

wherein:

R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen,amino, and silyl, and the pairs of positions, and wherein adjacent Rgroups (R⁶ & R⁷, and/or R⁷ & R⁸, and/or R⁸ & R⁹, and/or R⁹ & R¹⁰) may bejoined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl orheterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atomsand where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings;and M, L, L′, w, n, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are as definedabove.

Certain useful pyridyldiamido complexes are represented by Formula(III):

wherein R¹⁶ and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen,amino, and silyl, and wherein adjacent R groups (R⁶ & R⁷ and/or R⁷ & R¹⁶and/or R¹⁶ & R¹⁷, and/or R⁸ & R⁹) may be joined to form a saturated,substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where thering has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on thering can join to form additional rings; and M, L, L′, w, n, R¹, R², R³,R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, and R¹¹ are defined as above.

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or III described herein, M ispreferably Ti, Zr, or Hf, preferably HF or Zr. In any embodiment ofFormula I, II, or Ill described herein, the R groups above (R¹, and R²,R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, R¹⁵, R¹⁶, and R¹⁷)preferably contain up to 30 carbon atoms, preferably no more than 30carbon atoms, especially from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In any embodiment ofFormula I, II, or III described herein, preferably R¹, R² R³, R⁴, R⁵,R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², to R¹³ contain up to 30 carbon atoms,especially from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

Preferably, R¹ is selected from phenyl groups that are variouslysubstituted with between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl,Br, I, CF₃, NO₂, alkoxy, dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups having 1to 10 carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and isomers thereof. In any embodiment ofFormula I, II, or III described herein, preferably R¹ and R¹¹ areindependently selected from phenyl groups that are variously substitutedwith between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF₃,NO₂, alkoxy, dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups with between one toten carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and isomers thereof.

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or III described herein, preferablyE is carbon, and R¹ and R¹¹ are independently selected from phenylgroups that are variously substituted with between zero to fivesubstituents that include: F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO₂, alkoxy, dialkylamino,hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyls, substituted with groupshaving from one to ten carbons. In any embodiment of Formula I, II, orIII described herein, preferably R¹ and R¹¹ are selected from aryl oralkyl groups containing from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, especially phenylgroups. It is preferred that R¹ and R¹¹ be chosen from aryl or alkylgroups and that R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵, be independently chosen fromhydrogen, alkyl, and aryl groups, such as phenyl. The phenyl groups maybe alkyl substituted. The alkyl substituents may be straight chainalkyls, but include branched alkyls.

Preferably, each R¹ and R¹¹ is a substituted phenyl group with eitherone or both of the carbons adjacent to the carbon joined to the amidonitrogen being substituted with a group containing between one to tencarbons. Some specific examples would include R¹ and R¹¹ being chosenfrom a group including 2-methylphenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl,2,6-dimethylphenyl, mesityl, 2,6-diethylphenyl, and2,6-diisopropylphenyl.

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or Ill described herein, R² ispreferably selected from moieties where E is carbon, especially a moiety—C(R¹²)(R¹³)— where R¹² is hydrogen and R¹³ is an aryl group or a benzylgroup (preferably a phenyl ring linked through an alkylene moiety suchas methylene to the C atom). The phenyl group may then be substituted asdiscussed above. Useful R² groups include CH₂, CMe₂, SiMe₂, SiEt₂,SiPr₂, SiBu₂, SiPh₂, Si(aryl)₂, Si(alkyl)₂, CH(aryl), CH(Ph), CH(alkyl),and CH(2-isopropylphenyl).

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or Ill described herein, R¹⁹ ispreferably selected from moieties where E is carbon, especially a moiety—C(R¹²)(R¹³)—where R¹² is hydrogen and R¹³ is an aryl group or a benzylgroup (preferably a phenyl ring linked through an alkylene moiety suchas methylene to the C atom). The phenyl group may then be substituted asdiscussed above. Useful R′¹⁰ groups include CH₂, CMe₂, SiMe₂, SiEt₂,SiPr₂, SiBu₂, SiPh₂, Si(aryl)₂, Si(alkyl)₂, CH(aryl), CH(Ph), CH(alkyl),and CH(2-isopropylphenyl).

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or Ill described herein, R¹⁹ and R²are selected from CH₂, CMe₂, SiMe₂, SiEt₂, SiPr₂, SiBu₂, SiPh₂,Si(aryl)₂, Si(alkyl)₂, CH(aryl), CH(Ph), CH(alkyl), andCH(2-isopropylphenyl). In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or IIIdescribed herein, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ may be hydrogen oralkyl from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Preferably 0, 1, or 2 of R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶,R⁷, R⁸, and R⁹ are alkyl substituents. In any embodiment of Formula I,II, or III described herein, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹²,R13_(, R)14_(,) and R¹⁵ are, independently, hydrogen, a C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl,preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl,nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, or an isomer thereof), or a C₅ to C₄₀aryl group (preferably a C₆ to C₂₀ aryl group, preferably phenyl orsubstituted phenyl or an isomer thereof, preferably phenyl,2-isopropylphenyl, or 2-tertbutylphenyl).

In any embodiment of Formula I, II, or III described herein, preferablyL is selected from halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, amido, hydrido, phenoxy,hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl. In any embodiment ofFormula I, II, or III described herein, preferably L′ is selected fromethers, thio-ethers, amines, nitriles, imines, pyridines, andphosphines, preferably ethers.

The pyridyldiamido-metal complex is coordinated at the metal center as atridentate ligand through two amido donors and one pyridyl donor. Themetal center, M or M*, is a transition metal from Group 4. While in itsuse as a catalyst, according to current theory, the metal center ispreferably in its four valent state, it is possible to create compoundsin which M has a reduced valency state and regains its formal valencystate upon preparation of the catalyst system by contacting with anactivator (e.g., the organoaluminum treated layered silicate).Preferably, in addition to the pyridyldiamido ligand, the metal M or M*is also coordinated to n number of anionic ligands, with n being from 1or 2. The anionic donors are typically halide or alkyl, but a wide rangeof other anionic groups are possible, including some that are covalentlylinked together to form molecules that could be considered dianionic,such as oxalate. For certain complexes, it is likely that up to threeneutral Lewis bases (L or L*), typically ethers, could also becoordinated to the metal center. Preferably, w is 0, 1, or 2.

Preferably, L or L* may be selected from halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy,amido, hydrido, phenoxy, hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl.The selection of the leaving groups depends on the synthesis routeadopted for arriving at the complex and may be changed by additionalreactions to suit the later activation method in polymerization. Forexample, a preferred L or L* group is alkyl when using non-coordinatinganions such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borateor tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Often, two L or two L* groups may belinked to form a dianionic leaving group, for example oxalate. Often,each L* is independently selected from the group consisting of ethers,thio-ethers, amines, nitriles, imines, pyridines, phosphines, andpreferably ethers.

Preferably, X may be selected from halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, amido,hydrido, phenoxy, hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl. Theselection of the leaving groups depends on the synthesis route adoptedfor arriving at the complex and may be changed by additional reactionsto suit the later activation method in polymerization. For example, apreferred X is alkyl when using non-coordinating anions such asN,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate ortris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Often, two X groups may be linked to forma dianionic leaving group, for example, oxalate.

Preferred compounds useful as catalysts herein include thepyridyldiamide complexes A through D shown below:

3(a). Complex Synthesis

A typical synthesis of the pyridyldiamido complexes is reaction of theneutral pyridyldiamine ligand with a metalloamide, such asHf(NMe₂)₂Cl₂(1,2-dimethoxyethane), Zr(NMe₂)₄, Zr(NEt₂)₄, Hf(NMe₂)₄, andHf(NEt₂)₄. Another synthesis route for the pyridyldiamido complexes isthe reaction of the neutral pyridyldiamine ligand precursors with anorganolithium reagent to form the dilithio pyridyldiamido derivativefollowed by reaction of this species with either a transition metalsalt, including ZrCl₄, HfCl₄, ZrCl₄(1,2-dimethoxyethane),HfCl₄(1,2-dimethoxyethane), ZrCl₄(tetrahydrofuran)₂,HfCl₄(tetrahydrofuran)₂, ZrBn₂Cl₂(OEt₂), and HfBn₂Cl₂(OEt₂). Anotherpreferred synthesis route for the pyridyldiamido complexes is reactionof the neutral pyridyldiamine ligands with an organometallic reactant,such as ZrBn₄, ZrBn₂Cl₂(OEt₂), Zr(CH₂SiMe₃)₄, Zr(CH₂CMe₃)₄, HfBn₄,HfBn₂Cl₂(OEt₂), Hf(CH₂SiMe₃)₄, and Hf(CH₂CMe₃)₄. The general syntheticroutes used for the complexes presented herein are described in US2014/0221587 and US 2015/0141601.

Useful bulky ligand metallocene catalyst compounds include thosedescribed in WO 99/01481 and WO 98/42664, which are fully incorporatedherein by reference. Useful Group 6 bulky ligand metallocene catalystsystems are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,462, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Still other useful catalysts include those multinuclear metallocenecatalysts as described in WO 99/20665 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,794, andtransition metal metaaracyle structures described in EP 0 969 101 A2,which are incorporated herein by reference. Other metallocene catalystsinclude those described in EP 0 950 667 A1, double cross-linkedmetallocene catalysts (EP 0 970 074 A1), tethered metallocenes (EP 970963 A2) and those sulfonyl catalysts described in U.S. Pat. No.6,008,394, which are incorporated herein by reference.

It is also contemplated that in any embodiment the bulky ligandmetallocene catalysts, described above, may include their structural oroptical or enantiomeric isomers (meso and racemic isomers, for example,see U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,143, incorporated herein by reference) andmixtures thereof. It is further contemplated that any one of the bulkyligand metallocene catalyst compounds, described above, have at leastone fluoride or fluorine containing leaving group as described in U.S.Pat. No. 6,632,901.

The Group 15 containing metal compounds utilized in the catalystcomposition can be prepared by methods known in the art, such as thosedisclosed in EP 0 893 454 A1; U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,128; and thereferences cited in U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,128; which are all incorporatedherein by reference. U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,325 discloses a gas or slurryphase polymerization process using a supported bisamide catalyst, whichis also incorporated herein by reference. For additional information ofGroup 15 containing metal compounds, please see Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.in EP 0 893 454 A1, which discloses transition metal amides combinedwith activators to polymerize olefins.

Often, the Group 15 containing metal compound is allowed to age prior touse as a polymerization. It has been noted on at least one occasion thatone such catalyst compound (aged at least 48 hours) performed betterthan a newly prepared catalyst compound.

It is further contemplated that bis-amide based pre-catalysts may beused. Exemplary compounds include those described in the patentliterature. International patent publications WO 96/23010; WO 97/48735;and Gibson et al. (1998) Chem. Comm., pp. 849-50, which disclosediimine-based ligands for Group 8-10 compounds that undergo ionicactivation and polymerize olefins. Polymerization catalyst systems fromGroup 5-10 metals, in which the active center is highly oxidized andstabilized by low-coordination-number, polyanionic, ligand systems, aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,502,124 and its divisional U.S. Pat. No.5,504,049. See also the Group 5 organometallic catalyst compounds ofU.S. Pat. No. 5,851,945 and the tridentate-ligand-containing, Group5-10, organometallic catalysts of U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,495. Group 11catalyst precursor compounds, activatable with ionizing cocatalysts,useful for olefin and vinylic polar molecules are described in WO99/30822.

Other useful catalyst compounds are those Group 5 and 6 metal imidocomplexes described in EP A2 0 816 384 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,945,which are incorporated herein by reference. In addition, metallocenecatalysts include bridged bis(arylamido) Group 4 compounds described byMcConville et al., (1995), Organometallics, 14, pp. 5478-80, which isherein incorporated by reference. In addition, bridged bis(amido)catalyst compounds are described in WO 96/27439, which is hereinincorporated by reference. Other useful catalysts are described asbis(hydroxy aromatic nitrogen ligands) in U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,146, whichis incorporated herein by reference. Other useful catalysts containingone or more Group 15 atoms include those described in WO 98/46651, whichis incorporated herein by reference.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,935 describes bridged and unbridged, bisamidocatalyst compounds of Group 4 metals capable of α-olefinspolymerization. Bridged bi(arylamido) Group 4 compounds for olefinpolymerization are described by McConville et al. (1995)Organometallics, 14, pp. 5478-80. This reference presents syntheticmethods and compound characterizations. Further work appearing inMcConville et al. (1996), Macromolecules, 29, pp. 5241-43, describesbridged bis(arylamido) Group-4 compounds that are polymerizationcatalysts for 1-hexene. Additional suitable transition metal compoundsinclude those described in WO 96/40805. Cationic Group 3 orLanthanide-metal olefin polymerization complexes are disclosed in U.S.Ser. No. 09/408,050. A monoanionic bidentate ligand and two monoanionicligands stabilize those catalyst precursors, which can be activated withionic cocatalysts.

The literature describes many additional suitable catalyst precursorcompounds. Compounds that contain abstractable ligands or that can bealkylated to contain abstractable ligands. See, for instance, V.C.Gibson et al; “The Search for New-Generation Olefin PolymerizationCatalysts: Life Beyond Metallocenes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 38, pp.428-447, (1999).

Useful catalysts may contain phenoxide ligands such as those disclosedin EP 0 874 005 A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. Certainuseful catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,104; WO2008/079565; WO 2008/109212; U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,979; U.S. Pat. No.7,279,536; U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,104; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,371; whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Particularly useful metallocene catalyst and non-metallocene catalystcompounds are those disclosed in paragraphs [0081] to [0111] of U.S.Ser. No. 10/667,585 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,354,979) and paragraphs [0173] to[0293] of U.S. Ser. No. 11/177,004 (US 2006/0025545), the paragraphs ofwhich are fully incorporated herein by reference. Metallocene catalystcompounds useful herein may also be represented by the formula:

wherein M is a transition metal selected from Group 4 of the PeriodicTable of the Elements (preferably Hf or Zr, preferably Zr);

each R¹ is, independently, hydrogen, or a hydrocarbyl, substitutedhydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, silylcarbyl,substituted silylcarbyl, germylcarbyl, or substituted germylcarbylsubstituents, and optionally, adjacent R¹ groups may join together toform a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated, partially unsaturated,or aromatic cyclic or polycyclic substituent;

each R², R³, R⁵, R⁶, and R⁷ is, independently, hydrogen, or ahydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substitutedhalocarbyl, silylcarbyl, substituted silylcarbyl, germylcarbyl, orsubstituted germylcarbyl substituents;

Y is a bridging group (preferably Y is A* as described above); and

each X is, independently, as defined for Q* above, preferably, each X isa halogen or hydrocarbyl, such as methyl. For more information on suchcatalyst compounds, please see U.S. Pat. No. 7,812,104, which isincorporated herein by reference.

Additional useful catalyst compounds are also described in U.S. Pat. No.6,506,857, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Useful catalyst compounds include one, two, three, or more of:dimethylsilyl-bis[2-methyl-4-(carbazol-9-yl)inden-1-yl]zirconiumdimethyl;dimethylsilyl-bis[2-methyl-4-(carbazol-9-yl)inden-1-yl]zirconiumdichloride; μ-dimethyl silylbis(2-methyl, 4-phenylindenyl) zirconium (orhafnium) dichloride; μ-dimethyl silylbis(2-methyl, 4-phenylindenyl)zirconium (or hafnium) dimethyl; μ-dimethyl silylbis(2-methyl,4-(3′,5′-di-t-butylphenyl)indenyl) zirconium (or hafnium) dimethyl;μ-dimethyl silylbis(2-methyl, 4-(3′,5′-di-t-butylphenyl)indenyl)zirconium (or hafnium) dichloride;1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tertiary-butyl-9-fluorenyl)hafniumdichloride;1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tertiary-butyl-9-fluorenyl)hafniumdimethyl;dimethylsilyl(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdimethyl;dimethylsilyl(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)(cyclododecylamido)titaniumdichloride;1,1-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tertiary-butyl-9-fluorenyl)hafniumdichloride;1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(2,7-di-tertiary-butyl-9-fluorenyl)hafniumdimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(indenyl)hafnium dichloride;dimethylsilylbis(indenyl)hafnium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-methylindenyl) zirconium dichloride; dimethylsilylbis(2-methylindenyl) zirconium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-methylfluorenyl) zirconium dichloride; dimethylsilylbis(2-methylfluorenyl) zirconium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5,7-propylindenyl) zirconium dichloride; dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5,7-propylindenyl) zirconium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5-phenylindenyl) zirconium dichloride; dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5-phenylindenyl) zirconium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-ethyl-5-phenylindenyl) zirconium dichloride; dimethylsilylbis(2-ethyl-5-phenylindenyl) zirconium dimethyl; dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5-biphenylindenyl) zirconium dichloride; and dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-5-biphenylindenyl) zirconium dimethyl.

Often, the coordination catalyst is1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(3,8-di-tertiary-butyl-1-fluorenyl)hafnium chloride, or1,1′-bis(4-triethylsilylphenyl)methylene-(cyclopentadienyl)(3,8-di-tertiary-butyl-1-fluorenyl)hafnium dimethyl (numbering assumes the bridge is in the 1 position).

Often, two or more different catalyst compounds are present in thecatalyst system used herein. Often, two or more different catalystcompounds are present in the reaction zone where the process(es)described herein occur. When two transition metal compound-basedcatalysts are used in one reactor as a mixed catalyst system, the twotransition metal compounds are preferably chosen such that the two arecompatible. A simple screening method such as by ¹H or ¹³C NMR, known tothose of ordinary skill in the art, can be used to determine whichtransition metal compounds are compatible. It is preferable to use thesame activator for the transition metal compounds, however, twodifferent activators, such as a non-coordinating anion activator and analumoxane, can be used in combination. If one or more transition metalcompounds contain an X₁ or X₂ ligand, which is not a hydride,hydrocarbyl, or substituted hydrocarbyl, then the alumoxane should becontacted with the transition metal compounds prior to addition of thenon-coordinating anion activator. The two transition metal compounds(pre-catalysts) may be used in any ratio.

Preferred molar ratios of (A) transition metal compound to (B)transition metal compound fall within the range of (A:B) 1:1000 to1000:1, alternatively 1:100 to 500:1, alternatively 1:10 to 200:1,alternatively 1:1 to 100:1, alternatively 1:1 to 75:1, and alternatively5:1 to 50:1. The particular ratio chosen will depend on the exactpre-catalysts chosen, the method of activation, and the end productdesired. Often, when using the two pre-catalysts, where both areactivated with the same activator, useful mole percents, based upon themolecular weight of the pre-catalysts, are 10 to 99.9% A to 0.1 to 90%B, alternatively 25 to 99% A to 0.5 to 50% B, alternatively 50 to 99% Ato 1 to 25% B, and alternatively 75 to 99% A to 1 to 10% B.

4. Activators

The terms “co-catalyst” and “activator” are used herein interchangeablyand are defined to be any compound which can activate any one of thecatalyst precursor compounds described herein by converting the neutralcatalyst precursor compound to a catalytically active catalyst compound.Non-limiting activators, for example, include alumoxanes, aluminumalkyls, ionizing activators (also referred to as non-coordinating anionactivators), which may be neutral or ionic, and conventional-typeco-catalysts. Preferred activators typically include, alumoxanecompounds, modified alumoxane compounds, and ionizing anion precursorcompounds that abstract a reactive, 6-bound ligand (for example,chloride or alkyl, most often methyl) making the metal complex cationicand providing a charge-balancing non-coordinating or weakly coordinatinganion.

After the compounds described above have been synthesized, catalystcompounds (e.g., metallocene compounds) may be activated by combiningthem with activators in any manner known from the literature includingby supporting them for use in slurry or gas phase polymerization.Non-limiting activators, for example, include alumoxanes,non-coordinating anion activators, aluminum alkyls, ionizing activators,which may be neutral or ionic, and conventional-type cocatalysts.Preferred activators typically include alumoxane compounds, modifiedalumoxane compounds, and ionizing anion precursor compounds thatabstract a reactive, 6-bound, metal ligand making the metal complexcationic and providing a charge-balancing non-coordinating or weaklycoordinating anion.

4(a). Alumoxane Activators

Often, alumoxane activators are utilized as an activator in the catalystcomposition. Alumoxanes are generally oligomeric compounds containing—Al(R¹)—O— sub-units, where R¹ is an alkyl group. Examples of alumoxanesinclude methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane (MMAO),ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane. Alkylalumoxanes and modifiedalkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators, particularly whenthe abstractable ligand is an alkyl, halide, alkoxide, or amide.Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also beused. It may be preferable to use a visually clear methylalumoxane. Acloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solutionor clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution. A usefulalumoxane is a modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) co-catalyst type 3A(commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc. under the trade nameModified Methylalumoxane type 3A, covered under patent number U.S. Pat.No. 5,041,584).

When the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified), the maximumamount of activator is typically selected at up to a 5000-fold molarexcess Al/M over the catalyst compound (M =metal catalytic site). Theminimum activator-to-catalyst compound is a 1:1 molar ratio. Alternatepreferred ranges include from 1:1 to 500:1, alternately from 1:1 to200:1, alternately from 1:1 to 100:1, or alternately from 1:1 to 50:1.

Alternatively, little or no alumoxane is used in the polymerizationprocesses described herein. Alternately, alumoxane is present at zeromol %, alternately, the alumoxane is present at a molar ratio ofaluminum to catalyst compound transition metal less than 500:1,preferably less than 300:1, preferably less than 100:1, preferably lessthan 1:1.

4(b). Non-Coordinating Anion Activators

The term “non-coordinating anion” (NCA) means an anion which either doesnot coordinate to a cation or which is only weakly coordinated to acation by, for example, forming a tight ion pair, thereby remainingsufficiently labile to be displaced by a neutral Lewis base.“Compatible” non-coordinating anions are those which are not degraded toneutrality when the initially formed complex decomposes. Further, theanion will not transfer an anionic substituent or fragment to the cationso as to cause it to form a neutral transition metal compound and aneutral by-product from the anion. Non-coordinating anions useful in theprocesses and systems disclosed herein are those that are compatiblewith and stabilize the transition metal cation in the sense of balancingits ionic charge at +1, and yet retain sufficient lability to permitdisplacement during polymerization.

The processes and methods disclosed herein may employ an ionizing orstoichiometric activator, neutral or ionic, such as tri (n-butyl)ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, a tris perfluorophenylboron metalloid precursor or a tris perfluoronaphthyl boron metalloidprecursor, polyhalogenated heteroborane anions (WO 98/43983), boric acid(U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,459), or combinations thereof. Additionally oralternatively, one may use neutral or ionic activators alone or incombination with alumoxane or modified alumoxane activators.

Catalyst systems can include at least one non-coordinating anion (NCA)activator. Specifically, the catalyst systems include one or more NCAs,which either do not coordinate to a cation or which only weaklycoordinate to a cation, thereby remaining sufficiently labile to bedisplaced during polymerization.

Preferably, boron-containing NCA activators represented by the formulabelow can be used:

Z_(d)+(A^(d−))

where Z is (L-H) or a reducible Lewis acid; L is a neutral Lewis base; His hydrogen; (L-H) is a Bronsted acid; A^(d−) is a boron-containing,non-coordinating anion having the charge d−; d is 1, 2, or 3. The cationcomponent, Z_(d)+ may include Bronsted acids, such as protons orprotonated Lewis bases or reducible Lewis acids capable of protonatingor abstracting a moiety, such as an alkyl or aryl, from the bulky ligandmetallocene containing transition metal catalyst precursor, resulting ina cationic transition metal species.

The activating cation Z_(d)+ may also be a moiety such as silver,tropylium, carboniums, ferroceniums and mixtures, preferably carboniumsand ferroceniums. Most preferably Z_(d)+ is triphenyl carbonium.Preferred reducible Lewis acids can be any triaryl carbonium (where thearyl can be substituted or unsubstituted, such as those represented bythe formula: (Ar₃C+), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with aheteroatom, a C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyl, or a substituted C₁ to C₄₀hydrocarbyl), preferably the reducible Lewis acids in formula (14) aboveas “Z” include those represented by the formula: (Ph₃C), where Ph is asubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl, preferably substituted with C₁ toC₄₀ hydrocarbyls or substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyls, preferably C₁ toC₂₀ alkyls or aromatics or substituted C₁ to C₂₀ alkyls or aromatics,preferably Z is a triphenylcarbonium.

When Z_(d)+ is the activating cation (L-H)_(d)+, it is preferably aBronsted acid, capable of donating a proton to the transition metalcatalytic precursor resulting in a transition metal cation, includingammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof,preferably ammoniums of methylamine, aniline, dimethylamine,diethylamine, N-methylaniline, diphenylamine, trimethylamine,triethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, methyldiphenylamine, pyridine,p-bromo N,N-dimethylaniline, p-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline, phosphoniumsfrom triethylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, and diphenylphosphine,oxoniums from ethers such as dimethyl ether diethyl ether,tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, sulfoniums from thioethers, such as diethylthioethers, tetrahydrothiophene, and mixtures thereof.

The anion component A^(d−) includes those having the formula[M^(k+)Q_(n)]^(d−) wherein k is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6(preferably 1, 2, 3, or 4); n−k=d; M is an element selected from Group13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferably boron or aluminum,and Q is independently a hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido,halide, alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl,halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, and halosubstituted-hydrocarbylradicals, said Q having up to 20 carbon atoms with the proviso that innot more than 1 occurrence is Q a halide. Preferably, each Q is afluorinated hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, morepreferably each Q is a fluorinated aryl group, and most preferably eachQ is a pentafluoryl aryl group. Examples of suitable A^(d−) also includediboron compounds as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,895, which isfully incorporated herein by reference. Illustrative, but not limitingexamples of boron compounds, which may be used as an activatingco-catalyst are the compounds described as (and particularly thosespecifically listed as) activators in U.S. Pat. No. 8,658,556, which isincorporated herein by reference. Most preferably, the ionicstoichiometric activator Z_(d)+(A^(d−)) is one or more ofN,N-dimethylanilinium tetra(perfluorophenyl)borate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,N,N-dimethyl-anilinium tetrakis (3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenyl-carbeniumtetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, or triphenylcarbeniumtetra(perfluorophenyl)borate.

Bulky activators are also useful herein as NCAs. “Bulky activator” asused herein refers to anionic activators represented by the formula:

where each R₁ is, independently, a halide, preferably a fluoride;

Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group (preferably asubstituted or unsubstituted phenyl), preferably substituted with C₁ toC₄₀ hydrocarbyls, preferably C₁ to C₂₀ alkyls or aromatics;

each R₂ is, independently, a halide, a C₆ to C₂₀ substituted aromatichydrocarbyl group or a siloxy group of the formula —O—Si—R_(a), whereR_(a) is a C₁ to C₂₀ hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferablyR₂ is a fluoride or a perfluorinated phenyl group);

each R₃ is a halide, C₆ to C₂₀ substituted aromatic hydrocarbyl group ora siloxy group of the formula —O—Si—R_(a), where R_(a) is a C₁ to C₂₀hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylsilyl group (preferably R₃ is a fluoride or aC₆ perfluorinated aromatic hydrocarbyl group);

wherein R₂ and R₃ can form one or more saturated or unsaturated,substituted or unsubstituted rings (preferably R₂ and R₃ form aperfluorinated phenyl ring); and

L is a neutral Lewis base; (L-H)±is a Bronsted acid; d is 1, 2, or 3;

wherein the anion has a molecular weight of greater than 1020 g/mol;

wherein at least three of the substituents on the B atom each have amolecular volume of greater than 250 cubic Å, alternately greater than300 cubic Å, or alternately greater than 500 cubic Å.

Preferably (Ar₃C)_(d)+ is (Ph₃C)_(d)+, where Ph is a substituted orunsubstituted phenyl, preferably substituted with C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbylsor substituted C₁ to C₄₀ hydrocarbyls, preferably C₁ to C₂₀ alkyls oraromatics or substituted C₁ to C₂₀ alkyls or aromatics.

“Molecular volume” is used herein as an approximation of spatial stericbulk of an activator molecule in solution. Comparison of substituentswith differing molecular volumes allows the substituent with the smallermolecular volume to be considered “less bulky” in comparison to thesubstituent with the larger molecular volume. Conversely, a substituentwith a larger molecular volume may be considered “more bulky” than asubstituent with a smaller molecular volume.

Molecular volume may be calculated as reported in “A Simple ‘Back of theEnvelope’ Method for Estimating the Densities and Molecular Volumes ofLiquids and Solids,” Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 71, No. 11,November 1994, pp. 962-964. Molecular volume (MV), in units of cubic Å,is calculated using the formula: MV=8.3V,, where V_(s) is the scaledvolume. V_(s) is the sum of the relative volumes of the constituentatoms, and is calculated from the molecular formula of the substituentusing the following table of relative volumes. For fused rings, theV_(s) is decreased by 7.5% per fused ring.

Element Relative Volume H 1 1^(st) short period, Li to F 2 2^(nd) shortperiod, Na to Cl 4 1^(st) long period, K to Br 5 2^(nd) long period, Rbto I 7.5 3^(rd) long period, Cs to Bi 9

For a list of particularly useful Bulky activators please see U.S. Pat.No. 8,658,556, which is incorporated by reference herein. Alternatively,one or more of the NCA activators is chosen from the activatorsdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,105. Preferred activators includeN,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis (perfluorophenyl)borate,N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)borate,triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate, [Ph₃C⁺][B(C₆F₅)₄ ⁻], [Me₃NH⁺][B(C₆F₅)₄⁻]; 1-(4(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)pyrrolidinium; and -tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine.

Preferably, the activator comprises a triaryl carbonium (such astriphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbeniumtetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenyl-carbeniumtetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate). Alternatively, theactivator comprises one or more of trialkylammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, N,N-dialkylaniliniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate,N,N-dimethyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium)tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, trialkyl-ammoniumtetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl) borate, N,N-dialkylaniliniumtetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyeborate, trialkylammoniumtetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dialkylaniliniumtetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, trialkylammoniumtetrakis(perfluoro-biphenyl)borate, N,N-dialkylaniliniumtetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, trialkylammoniumtetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, N,N-dialkylaniliniumtetrakis(3,5-bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate,N,N-dialkyl-(2,4,6-trimethylanilinium) tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, di-(i-propyl)ammoniumtetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (where alkyl is methyl, ethyl,propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, or t-butyl).

The typical activator-to-catalyst ratio, e.g., all NCAactivators-to-catalyst ratio is about a 1:1 molar ratio. Alternatepreferred ranges include from 0.1:1 to 100:1, alternately from 0.5:1 to200:1, alternately from 1:1 to 500:1, and alternately from 1:1 to1000:1. A particularly useful range is from 0.5:1 to 10:1, preferably1:1 to 5:1. The catalyst compounds can be combined with combinations ofalumoxanes and NCAs (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,157; U.S.Pat. No. 5,453,410; EP 0 573 120 B1; WO 94/07928; and WO 95/14044; whichdiscuss the use of an alumoxane in combination with an ionizingactivator).

5. Optional Scavengers and Chain Transfer Agents

Often, when using the complexes described herein, the catalyst systemwill additionally comprise one or more scavenging compounds. Here, theterm scavenging compound means a compound that removes polar impuritiesfrom the reaction environment. These impurities adversely affectcatalyst activity and stability. Typically, the scavenging compound willbe an organometallic compound such as the Group 13 organometalliccompounds of U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,157; U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,025; WO91/09882; WO 94/03506; WO 93/14132; and that of WO 95/07941. Exemplarycompounds include alkyl aluminum compounds, such as triethylaluminum,triethyl borane, tri-iso-butyl aluminum, methyl alumoxane, iso-butylalumoxane, and tri-n-octyl aluminum. Those scavenging compounds havingbulky or C₆-C₂₀ linear hydrocarbyl substituents connected to the metalor metalloid center usually minimize adverse interaction with the activecatalyst. Examples include triethylaluminum, but more preferably, bulkycompounds such as tri-iso-butyl aluminum, tri-iso-prenyl aluminum, andlong-chain linear alkyl-substituted aluminum compounds, such astri-n-hexyl aluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum, or tri-n-dodecyl aluminumcan be used. When alumoxane is used as the activator, any excess overthat needed for activation will scavenge impurities and additionalscavenging compounds may be unnecessary. Alumoxanes also may be added inscavenging quantities with other activators, e.g., methylalumoxane,[Me₂HNPh]⁺[B(pfp)₄]⁻ or B(pfp)₃ (perfluorophenyl=pfp=C₆F₅).

Particularly useful scavengers are trialkyl- or triaryl-aluminumcompounds, such as those represented by the formula: A1R₃, where R is aC₁ to C₂₀ group, such as a C₁ to C₂₀ alkyl or C₁ to C₂₀ aryl (such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, benzyl or phenyl groups and the like, including all theirisomers, for example, tertiary butyl, isopropyl, and the like).Particularly useful scavengers include: trimethylaluminum,triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum,tri-n-octylaluminum, and the like.

Chain transfer agents may also be used herein. Useful chain transferagents that may also be used herein are typically a compound representedby the formula A1R₃, ZnR₂ (where each R is, independently, a C₁ to C₂₀,preferably C₁-C₂₀ alkyl or aryl radical, preferably methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, benzyl, phenyl, or an isomerthereof) or a combination thereof, such as diethyl zinc,trimethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trinoctylaluminum, or acombination thereof. A combination of scavenger and chain transfer agentcan also be useful, such as dialkyl zinc in combination with atrialkylaluminum. Diethylzinc in combination with one or more oftrimethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, and tri-n-octylaluminum is alsouseful. Useful chain transfer agents that may also be used herein aretypically a compound represented by the formula A1R₃, ZnR₂ (where each Ris, independently, a C₁-C₈ aliphatic radical, preferably methyl, ethyl,propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, or an isomer thereof) or acombination thereof, such as diethyl zinc, trimethylaluminum,triisobutylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, or a combination thereof.

6. Optional Support Materials

Often, the catalyst system may comprise an inert support material.Preferably the supported material is a porous support material, forexample, talc, and inorganic oxides. Other support materials includezeolites, clays, organoclays, or any other organic or inorganic supportmaterial and the like, or mixtures thereof.

Preferably, the support material is an inorganic oxide in a finelydivided form. Suitable inorganic oxide materials for use in catalystsystems herein include Groups 2, 4, 13, and 14 metal oxides, such assilica, alumina, and mixtures thereof. Other inorganic oxides that maybe employed either alone or in combination with the silica, or aluminaare magnesia, titania, zirconia, and the like. Other suitable supportmaterials, however, can be employed, for example, finely dividedfunctionalized polyolefins, such as finely divided polyethylene.Particularly useful supports include magnesia, titania, zirconia,montmorillonite, phyllosilicate, zeolites, talc, clays, and the like.Also, combinations of these support materials may be used, for example,silica-chromium, silica-alumina, silica-titania, and the like. Preferredsupport materials include Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, SiO₂, and combinations thereof,more preferably SiO₂, Al₂O₃, or SiO₂/Al₂O₃.

It is preferred that the support material, most preferably an inorganicoxide, has a surface area in the range of from about 10 to about 700m²/g, pore volume in the range of from about 0.1 to about 4.0 cc/g andaverage particle size in the range of from about 5 to about 500 μm. Morepreferably, the surface area of the support material is in the range offrom about 50 to about 500 m²/g, pore volume of from about 0.5 to about3.5 cc/g and average particle size of from about 10 to about 200 μm.Most preferably, the surface area of the support material is in therange from about 100 to about 400 m²/g, pore volume from about 0.8 toabout 3.0 cc/g and average particle size is from about 5 to about 100μm. The average pore size of the support material is in the range offrom about 10 to 1000 Å, preferably 50 to about 500 Å, and mostpreferably 75 to about 350 Å. Often, the support material is a highsurface area, amorphous silica (surface area=300 m²/gm; pore volume of1.65 cm³/gm). Preferred silicas are marketed under the tradenames ofDAVISON 948, DAVISON 952 or DAVISON 955 by the Davison Chemical Divisionof W.R. Grace and Company.

The support material should be dry, that is, free of absorbed water.Drying of the support material can be effected by heating or calciningat about 100° C. to about 1000° C., preferably at least about 600° C.When the support material is silica, it is heated to at least 200° C.,preferably about 200° C. to about 850° C., and most preferably at about600° C.; and for a time of about 1 minute to about 100 hours, from about12 hours to about 72 hours, or from about 24 hours to about 60 hours.The calcined support material must have at least some reactive hydroxyl(OH) groups to produce supported catalyst systems. The calcined supportmaterial is then contacted with at least one polymerization catalystcomprising at least one catalyst compound and an activator.

The support material, having reactive surface groups, typically hydroxylgroups, is slurried in a non-polar solvent and the resulting slurry iscontacted with a solution of a catalyst compound and an activator.Often, the slurry of the support material is first contacted with theactivator for a period of time in the range of from about 0.5 hour toabout 24 hours, from about 2 hours to about 16 hours, or from about 4hours to about 8 hours. The solution of the catalyst compound is thencontacted with the isolated support/activator. Often, the supportedcatalyst system is generated in situ (such as in the spiral heatexchanger). Alternatively, the slurry of the support material is firstcontacted with the catalyst compound for a period of time in the rangeof from about 0.5 hour to about 24 hours, from about 2 hours to about 16hours, or from about 4 hours to about 8 hours. The slurry of thesupported catalyst compound is then contacted with the activatorsolution.

The mixture of the catalyst, activator, and support is heated to about0° C. to about 70° C., preferably to about 23° C. to about 60° C.,preferably at room temperature. Contact times typically range from about0.5 hour to about 24 hours, from about 2 hours to about 16 hours, orfrom about 4 hours to about 8 hours. The catalyst system may be driedand introduced into the spiral heat exchanger as a solid (such as apowder), suspended in mineral oil and introduced as a mineral oilslurry, combined with typical hydrocarbon solvent material (such ashexane, isopentane, etc.) and introduced as a suspension, or any othermeans typical in the art.

J. Additives

Other additives may also be used in the polymerization, as desired, suchas one or more, scavengers, promoters, modifiers, chain transfer agents,co-activators, reducing agents, oxidizing agents, hydrogen, aluminumalkyls, or silanes. Aluminum alkyl compounds which may be utilized asscavengers or co-activators include, for example, one or more of thoserepresented by the formula A1R3, where each R is, independently, a C₁-C₈aliphatic radical, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,hexyl, octyl, or an isomer thereof), especially trimethylaluminum,triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum,tri-n-octylaluminum, or mixtures thereof.

Preferably, little or no scavenger is used in the process to produce thepolymer, such as ethylene polymer. Preferably, scavenger (such astrialkyl aluminum, A1R₃ as defined above) is present at zero mol %,alternately the scavenger is present at a molar ratio of scavenger metalto transition metal of less than 100:1, preferably less than 50:1,preferably less than 15:1, preferably less than 10:1.

III. Process for Quenching a Polymerization Reaction

The invention further relates to processes for quenching apolymerization reaction. The process comprises introducing a quenchingagent as described herein into a first effluent stream comprisingpolymer (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene) exiting a polymerizationzone to quench the polymerization reaction. The quenching agent may havea molecular weight, HLB and/or a hydroxyl value as described above. Inparticular, the quenching agent may have a molecular weight greater thanabout 200 daltons, greater than or equal to about 250 daltons, orgreater than or equal to about 500 daltons; and at least one of:

-   -   (i) a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about        20, less than about 18 or less than about 15; and    -   (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g,        greater than or equal to about 150 mg KOH/g, or greater than or        equal to about 250 mg KOH/g.

Additionally or alternatively, the quenching agent may have both(i)-(ii).

The process may further comprise performing at least one separation stepas described herein on the first effluent stream. In particular, aseparation step may be performed in a first vessel on the first effluentstream under suitable conditions to produce a second effluent stream anda recycle stream. The separation may be performed in any suitablevessel, e.g., a flash vessel, high pressure flash vessel, etc. Thesecond effluent stream may comprise polymer (e.g., polyolefin), which issubstantially free of solvent, and the quenching agent. The recyclestream may comprise the solvent and unreacted hydrocarbon monomer.Preferably, the recycle stream is substantially free of the quenchingagent. Optionally, the recycle stream may comprise the quenching agentin an insubstantial amount (e.g., less than 5.0 wppm based on the totalconcentration of the recycle stream). More preferably, the secondeffluent stream has a higher concentration of the quenching agent thanthe recycle stream. In various aspects, the separation step can beperformed as a liquid-liquid separation as described herein (e.g., at atemperature of about 170° C. to about 230° C. and/or a pressure of about400 psig to about 600 psig (2800 to 4100 kPag)) or a vapor liquidseparation as described herein (e.g., at a temperature of about 80° C.to about 150° C. and/or a pressure of about 50 psig to about 300 psig(340 to 2100 kPag)).

Generally, the processes described using the quenching agents describedherein can be simulated on a computer using process simulation softwarein order to generate process simulation data in a human-readable form(i.e., a computer printout or data displayed on a screen, a monitor, orother viewing device). The simulation data can then be used tomanipulate the operation of the polymer production system and/or designthe physical layout of a polymer production facility. Often, thesimulation results can be used to design a new polymer productionfacility or expand an existing facility to integrate spiral heatexchanger(s). Often, the simulation results can be used to optimize thepolymer production according to one or more operating parameters, suchas varying the flow rate of the stripping agent. Examples of suitablesoftware for producing the simulation results include commercialsimulation software Aspen Plus v8.8 (34.0.0.110) with Aspen PolymersModule integrated from Aspen Technology, Inc., and PRO/II.RTM. fromSimulation Sciences Inc.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Comparison of Quenching Agents in Liquid LiquidSeparation

The predicted partitioning of the quenching agents listed below in Table1 is simulated using the commercialized simulation software Aspen Plusv8.8 (34.0.0.110) with Aspen Polymers Module integrated. The PC-SAFTthermodynamic model was used with parameters available in the softwarewhen available. Unary parameters not available in the software wereestimated using the group contribution method (Sadowski, et al.,Industrial Engineering Chemical Research, 2008, 47, pp. 5092-5101.) Thesimulation predicted the partitioning of the quench agent into the leanphase (recycle solvent) and rich phase (polymer) from a liquid-liquidseparator, operated at 200° C. and 400 psig (2800 kPag). The feedsolution is a poly(propylene-co-ethylene) in isohexane. The feedconcentration of quench based on total feed rate was 100 wppm in allcases. The results are shown below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Lean Phase Rich Phase Concentration Concentration QuenchingAgent (wppm) (wppm) water 107 59 decaglycerol tetraoleate 0.9 749

As shown in Table 1, use of decaglycerol tetraoleate as the quenchingagent will advantageously result in a small amount of decaglyceroltetraoleate remaining in the lean phase following a liquid-liquidseparation. By comparison, using water as a quenching agent will resultin a large amount of water remaining in the lean phase. This isundesirable since additional processing will be required to remove suchan amount water from the lean phase so that the lean phase may berecycled back into the polymerization process.

Example 2 Comparison of Quenching Agents in Liquid Vapor Separation

The predicted partitioning of the quenching agents listed below in Table2 is simulated using the commercialized simulation software Aspen Plusv8.8 (34.0.0.110) with Aspen Polymers Module integrated. The PC-SAFTthermodynamic model was used with parameters available in the softwarewhen available. Unary parameters not available in the software wereestimated using the group contribution method (Sadowski, et al.,Industrial Engineering Chemical Research, 2008, 47, pp. 5092-5101.) Thesimulation predicted partitioning of each quench agent into the liquidand vapor effluents from a flash drum, operated at 160° C. and 100 psig(690 kPag). The feed solution is a poly(propylene-co-ethylene) inisohexane. The feed concentration of quench based on total feed rate was100 wppm in all cases. The addition of quench is 100 wppm in all cases,based on total feeds.

The results are shown below in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Liquid Phase Vapor Phase Concentration Concentration QuenchAgent (wppm) (wppm) water 9 112 glycerol monooleate 866 0.09 oleic aciddiethanolamide 867 0.02 sorbitan monooleate 867 0.003 decaglyceroltetraoleate 867 trace

As shown in Table 2, use of glycerol monooleate, oleic aciddiethanolamide, sorbitan monooleate and decaglycerol tetraoleate asquenching agents will advantageously result in a small amount ofquenching remaining in the vapor phase following a liquid-vaporseparation. By comparison, using water as a quenching agent will resultin a large amount of water remaining in the vapor phase. This isundesirable since additional processing will be required to remove suchan amount water from the vapor phase so that the vapor phase may berecycled back into the polymerization process.

All documents described herein are incorporated by reference herein,including any priority documents and/or testing procedures to the extentthey are not inconsistent with this text. As is apparent from theforegoing general description and the specific embodiments, while manyspecific embodiments have been illustrated and described, variousmodifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe disclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the claimedinvention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term “comprising” isconsidered synonymous with the term “including.” Likewise, whenever acomposition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with thetransitional phrase “comprising,” it is understood that we alsocontemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitionalphrases “consisting essentially of,” “consisting of,” “selected from thegroup of consisting of,” or “is” preceding the recitation of thecomposition, element, or elements, and vice versa.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing a polymer, wherein theprocess comprises: polymerizing a hydrocarbon monomer dissolved in asolvent in the presence of a catalyst system under conditions to obtaina first effluent stream comprising a solution of the polymer and thesolvent; introducing a quenching agent into the first effluent stream toquench the polymerization reaction, wherein the quenching agent has amolecular weight (M_(n)) greater than about 200 daltons and at least oneof: (i) a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 20;and (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g.
 2. Aprocess for quenching a polymerization reaction, wherein the processcomprises: introducing a quenching agent into a first effluent streamcomprising polymer exiting a polymerization zone to quench thepolymerization reaction, wherein the quenching agent has a molecularweight greater than about 200 daltons and at least one of: (i) ahydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of less than about 20; and (ii) ahydroxyl value of greater than about 100 mg KOH/g.
 3. The process ofclaim 1, further comprising: performing a separation on the firsteffluent stream to produce: a second effluent stream comprising thequenching agent; and a recycle stream comprising the solvent, unreactedhydrocarbon monomer and optionally, the quenching agent; wherein thesecond effluent stream has a higher concentration of the quenching agentthan the recycle stream.
 4. The process of claim 3, wherein less thanabout 5.0 wppm of the quenching agent is present in the recycle stream.5. The process of claim 3, wherein the separation is a liquid-liquidseparation.
 6. The process of claim 5, wherein the quenching agent has amolecular weight (M_(n)) of greater than or equal to about 500 daltonsand at least one of: (i) an HLB of less than about 15; and (ii) ahydroxyl value of greater than or equal to about 150 mg KOH/g.
 7. Theprocess of claim 6, wherein the quenching agent has (i)-(ii).
 8. Theprocess of claim 5, wherein the quenching agent has a molecular weightof greater than or equal to about 600 daltons.
 9. The process of claim5, wherein the quenching agent has an HLB of less than about 10 and/orhas a hydroxyl value of greater than or equal to about 200 mg KOH/g. 10.The process of claim 5, wherein the quenching agent comprises at leastone fatty acid ester of polyglycerol.
 11. The process of claim 10,wherein the fatty acid ester of polyglycerol is selected from the groupconsisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate, decaglycerol dipalmate,hexaglycerol distearate, and a combination thereof.
 12. The process ofclaim 5, wherein the separation is performed at a temperature of about170° C. to about 230° C. and a pressure of about 400 psig (2800 kPa) toabout 600 psig (4100 kPa).
 13. The process of claim 3, wherein theseparation is a liquid-vapor separation.
 14. The process of claim 13,wherein the quenching agent has a molecular weight (M_(n)) of greaterthan or equal to about 250 daltons and at least one of: (i) an HLB ofless than about 18; and (ii) a hydroxyl value of greater than or equalto about 250 mg KOH/g.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein thequenching agent has (i)-(ii).
 16. The process of claim 13, wherein thequenching agent has a molecular weight of greater than or equal to about300 daltons.
 17. The process of claim 13, wherein the quenching agenthas an HLB of less than about 15 and/or has a hydroxyl value of greaterthan or equal to about 300 mg KOH/g.
 18. The process of claim 13,wherein the quenching agent comprises at least one fatty acid ester of apolyol, at least one fatty acid alkylolamide, or a combination thereof.19. The process of claim 13, wherein the quenching agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of sorbitan monooleate, glycerol monooleate,oleic acid diethanolamide, decaglycerol tetraoleate, and a combinationthereof.
 20. The process of claim 13, wherein the separation isperformed at a temperature of about 80° C. to about 150° C. and apressure of about 50 psig (340 kPa) to about 300 psig (2100 kPa). 21.The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst system comprises acoordination catalyst.
 22. The process of claim 1, wherein the polymercomprises polyethylene and/or polypropylene.
 23. The process of claim 1,wherein the hydrocarbon monomer comprises C₂-C₄₀ olefins and/or C₁-C₄paraffins.
 24. A process for producing a polymer, wherein the processcomprises: polymerizing a hydrocarbon monomer dissolved in a solvent inthe presence of a catalyst system under conditions to obtain a firsteffluent stream comprising a solution of the polymer and the solvent;and introducing a quenching agent into the first effluent stream toquench the polymerization reaction, wherein the quenching agent isselected from the group consisting of fatty acid esters of polyglycerol,fatty acid esters of polyols, fatty acid alkyloamides, and combinationsthereof.
 25. The process of claim 24, wherein the quenching agent isselected from the group consisting of decaglycerol tetraoleate,decaglycerol dipalmate, hexaglycerol distearate, sorbitan monooleate,glycerol monooleate, decaglycerol tetraoleate, oleic aciddiethanoloamide, and combinations thereof.